UC-NRLF 


^w°iil°.^  — iVEY   OF   NEW  JERSEY 

HENRY  B.  KUMMEL,  STATE  GEOLOGIST 


BULLETIN  9 
A  Preliminary  Report 


OF  THE 


Archaeological  Survey 

OF  THE 

.    STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY 

MADE  BY  THE 

i 

Department  of  Anthropology  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History 

Clark  Wissler,  Ph.D.,  Curator 

Under  the  Direction  of  the  State  Geological  Survey 


COMPILED  BY 

ALANSON  SKINNER 

AND 

MAX  SCHRABISCH 


TRENTON,   N.  J. 
MacCrellish  &  Quigley,   State  Printers,   Opposite  Post  Office. 


1913 


>JiJUi_^)w 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY   OF   NEW   JERSEY 

HENRY  B.  KUMMEL,  STATE  GEOLOGIST 


BULLETIN  9 
A  Preliminary  Report 


OF  THE 


Archaeological  Survey 

OF  THE 

STATE   OF  NEW  JERSEY 

MADE   BY  THE 

Department  of  Anthropology  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History 

Clark  Wissler,  Ph.D.,  Curator 

Under  the  Direction  of  the  State  Geological  Survey 


COMPILED   BY 

ALANSON  SKINNER 

AND 

MAX   SCHRABISCH 


TRENTON,   N.  J. 
MacCrellisn   &  Quigley,    State  Printers,   Opposite  Post  Office. 

1913 


ynW.  Library,  Univ.  Calif.,  Santa  Cruz 


CONTENTS. 


Preface. 

Letter  of  Transmittal  by  Dr.  Wissler. 

Chapter  I,  Types  of  Indian  Remains  found  in  New  Jersey ;  by  Alanson  Skinner. 
^  Scope  of  Report. 
Classes  of  Remains. 

Shell  heaps. 

Cemetaries. 

Rock  shelters.  v,.V»> 

Caches.  1 

Quarries. 

Trails. 

!  Distribution  of  the  Indians.  V>»  "» 
Predecessors  of  the  Delaware  Indians.  V»  A*t 
Unsettled  problems.  *    \»A^ 
i  Lenni  Lenape. 

The  pre-Lenapian  argillite  users. 
Types  of  specimens. 
Articles  of  stone. 
Rough  stone. 
Polished  stone. 
Chipped  stone. 
Pottery. 

Bone  implements. 
Articles  of  shell. 
Metallic  articles. 
\  Lenape  implements  compared  to  other  types,      t .  ^O 
Chapter  II,  Indian  Camp  Sites  and  Rock  Shelters  in  Northern  New  Jersey,  by 
Max  Schrabisch. 
Population. 

General  character  of  sites. 
Favored  districts. 
Delaware  Valley. 
Pompton  Valley. 
Passaic  Valley. 
Saddle  River  Valley. 
Hackensack  River  Valley. 
Rock  Shelters.  *»-*2>^ 
Chapter  III,  Lists  of  Sites,  with  notes. 

Southern  New  Jersey,  by  Alanson  Skinner. 
1    Geographic  distribution.  Y*/*~x 

Group      I — New  York  and  Raritan  Bay. 
Group     II — Atlantic  Coast  Sites. 
Group  III — Lower  Delaware  Valley. 
Group  IV — Middle  Delaware  Valley. 
Northern  New  Jersey,  by  Max  Schrabisch. 
Delaware  Valley. 
Wanaque  Valley. 
Pompton  Plains  and  Vicinity. 
Towraco  and  Vicinity. 
The  Northern  Highlands. 
The  Ramapo  Valley. 
The  Passaic  Valley. 
Garrett  Mountain. 

Between  Pompton-Ramapo  Valley  and  Saddle  River. 
Saddle  River  Valley. 
Hackensack  River  Valley. 
Additional   information  wanted. 
Bibliography. 
Acknowledgments. 
Index. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Plate  I,  Preliminary  map  showing  distribution  of  Archaeological  Remains  in 
New  Jersey. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/archaeolsurveyOOamerrich 


PREFACE. 


In  April,  191 2,  the  Legislature  by  an  item  in  the  supple- 
mental appropriation  bill,  authorized  the  commencement  of 
Archaeological  investigations  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of 
Managers  of  the  Geological  Survey.  The  appropriation  made 
was  very  small  but  through  cooperation  with  the  Department  of 
Anthropology,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  it  was 
possible  to  expend  this  amount  to  great  advantage.  Nearly  one 
thousand  sites,  camps,  burial  grounds  and  rock  shelters  were 
located  and  are  noted  in  the  following  pages.  Considering 
the  small  amount  of  money  available,  the  progress  made  is  very 
gratifying.  This  was  due  largely  to  the  willingness  of  many 
persons  to  furnish  the  Survey  full  information  regarding  sites 
known  to  them.  To  Messrs.  Schrabisch,  C.  C.  Abbott,  Edmund 
Shimp  and  R.  W.  Emerson  in  particular,  the  Survey  is  indebted 
for  many  facts,  the  result  of  years  of  study  by  each  in  the  valley 
of  Passaic  River,  the  vicinity  of  Trenton  and  the  vicinity  of 
Bridgeton  respectively. 

In  addition  to  the  lists  of  sites  given  in  the  report,  Mr.  Skinner 
has  kindly  prepared  a  preliminary  chapter  dealing  with  the  types 
of  Indian  remains  found  in  New  Jersey.  Non-technical  readers 
will  find  in  this  resume  much  information  on  this  subject,  while 
to  those  more  skilled  in  the  science,  it  may  contain  considerable 
of  interest.  It  is,  of  course,  to  be  understood  that  in  his  treat- 
ment of  any  questions  about  which  there  may  be  a  difference  of 
opinion  among  archaeologists,  the  author  is  expressing  his  indi- 
vidual views. 

HENRY  B.  KUMMEL, 

State  Geologist. 


(5) 


Letter  of  Transmittal. 


American  Museum  of  Natural  History 

77th  street  and  central  park  west 

department  of  anthropology 

New  York,  October  19th,  1912. 
Dr.  Henry  B.  Kiimmel,  State  Geologist,  Geological  Survey  of 
Neiv  Jersey: 
Sir — We  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  preliminary 
report  covering  the  first  season's  work  upon  the  archaeological 
survey  of  New  Jersey  which  we  have  undertaken  in  cooperation 
with  the  Geological  Survey  under  your  direction.  As  a  begin- 
ning and  for  the  development  of  a  definite  plan  for  future  inves- 
tigation, a  tentative  list  of  sites  was  compiled,  the  locations  of 
which  have  been  plotted  on  maps  supplied  by  your  department. 
Unless  otherwise  stated  in  the  text  of  the  report,  these  sites  were 
visited  by  members  of  the  survey  staff  and  their  general  char- 
acter noted  in  respect  to  superficial  surface  indications.  Owing 
to  the  hearty  cooperation  of  local  students  and  collectors,  who 
gave  freely  of  their  time  and  accumulated  data,  we  were  able  to 
formulate  what  we  consider  a  satisfactory  working  classification 
of  these  sites.  From  the  data  at  hand  it  appears  that  the  sur- 
face sites  so  far  reported  are  rare  except  on  restricted  areas  in 
the  northern,  central,  and  southern  parts  of  the  State.  Since  this 
corresponds  with  the  distribution  of  the  Lenape  Indians  during 
the  early  settlement  period,  we  may  conclude  that  practically  all 
such  surface  archaeological  remains  belong  to  the  historic  Indian 
and  his  immediate  ancestors.  We  have  not  thought  it  necessary 
to  take  up  the  question  as  to  the  probability  of  a  pre-Indian  popu- 
lation in  the  Trenton  Valley  and  elsewhere,  since  such  distin- 
guished men  as  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott,  Professor  F.  W.  Putnam,  and 
Ernest  Volk  have  given  years  of  patient  investigation  to  that 

(7) 


8  LETTER  OIF  TRANSMITTAL. 

problem.    Suffice  it  to  say  that  our  preliminary  work  brought  to 
light  no  positive  new  traces  of  such  a  pre-Indian  culture. 

The  members  of  our  staff  also  examined  such  private  archaeo- 
logical collections  as  were  placed  at  their  disposal  and  checked 
over  the  types  of  specimens  and  their  known  distribution.  The 
statements  in  the  report  covering  this  part  of  the  work  are,  of 
course,  quite  tentative  as  many  localities  were  entirely  unrepre- 
sented. It  is  hoped  that  the  publication  of  this  preliminary  report 
will  encourage  observers  throughout  the  State  to  send  in  further 
information  as  to  the  location  of  sites  and  the  distribution  of 
specimen  types. 

The  field-work  was  chiefly  under  the  immediate  direction  of 
Mr.  Alanson  Skinner,  assisted  by  Mr.  Leslie  Spier  and  Mr.  Max 
Schrabisch.  The  accompanying  report  was  compiled  and 
arranged  by  Mr.  Skinner  and  the  supplementary  report  by  Mr. 
Schrabisch. 

Respectfully  yours, 

CLARK  WISSLER, 

Curator. 


CHAPTER  I. 
Types  of  Indian  Remains  Found  in  New  Jersey. 


By  ALANSON  SKINNER. 


SCOPE   OP   REPORT. 

The  archaeology  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  is  particularly 
interesting  in  that  certain  regions,  notably  the  Delaware  Valley 
near  Trenton,  are,  and  for  some  time  have  been,  battlegrounds 
for  the  exponents  and  opponents  of  the  theory  of  the 
existence  of  man  in  North  America  during  early  times.  The 
claim  has  been  put  forward  by  one  group  of  students  that  three 
horizons  of  human  occupation  occur:  first,  and  nearest  the  sur- 
face, in  the  dark  earth  discolored  by  decaying  organic  matter, 
are  the  indisputable  remains  of  the  historic  Delaware  Indians; 
second,  in  the  yellow  soil  beneath,  the  remains  of  a  man  who 
used  tools  and  weapons  constructed  of  argillite  alone,  as  opposed 
to  the  great  variety  of  materials  worked  by  the  Indians ;  and  last, 
in  the  river  gravels,  rough  artifacts  of  a  cruder  race,  paleolithic 
man. 

It  seems  unnecessary  to  recount  here  the  history  of  investiga- 
tions in  and  ablaut  Trenton  under  the  leadership  of  such  men  as 
Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott,  Professor  F.  W.  Putnam,  Ernest  Volk,  and 
others,  since  their  chief  concern  has  been  with  traces  of  the 
earliest  man.  The  present  survey  has  so  far  given  its  chief 
attention  to  surface  sites,  or  those  pertaining  to  the  Indian  period 
of  occupation,  to  determine  their  distribution  and  also  to  seek 
evidences  for  or  against  their  homogeneity,  and  has  not  at- 
tempted to  enter  into  the  vexed  question  of  a  glacial  man. 

CLASSES   OP   REMAINS. 

The  remains  of  the  most  recent  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  New 
Jersey,  the  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indians,  may  easily  be  classified 

(9) 


io  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

in  the  following  divisions :  camp  and  village  sites,  shell  heaps, 
cemeteries,  fock  shelters,  quarries,  caches,  and  trails.  Of  these, 
the  most  abundant  are  the  camp  and  village  sites. 

Camp  and  Village  Sites. — These  are  generally  situated  near 
fresh  water,  often  on  a  sandy,  well-drained  bluff  or  knoll,  on 
the  north  side  of  a  stream  or  lake,  where  the  southern  exposure 
gives  added  warmth  in  the  coldest  weather.  Such  sites  are  dis- 
tinguished by  the. presence  of  stones  cracked  by  fire  (the  Indians 
often  boiled  their  food  by  heating  pebbles  and  dropping  them 
into  the  water),  flint  chips  and  cores,  the  refuse  of  arrow  mak- 
ing and  potsherds  and  implements  of  various  sorts. 

In  some  cases  the  shells  of  oysters  and  other  shellfish  litter  the 
ground,  and  sometimes  a  circle  of  burnt  stones  outlines  an 
ancient  fireplace,  and  marks  the  exact  spot  where  a  wigwam 
stood.  These  circles  are  not  infrequently  disturbed  by  the  plough 
in  cultivated  land,  but  as  a  recompense  the  ploughshare  often 
throws  up  deer  bones,  split  to  extract  the  marrow,  and  other 
traces  of  aboriginal  occupation. 

There  are  no  certain  criteria  for  telling  a  camp  from  a  village 
site,  except  that  the  former  are  usually  smaller,  contain  fewer 
relics,  and  the  earth  is  less  impregnated  with  the  dark  stain  of 
charcoal  and  decayed  garbage  that  marks  many  of  the  older, 
long-occupied  settlements.  Of  course,  on  the  shifting  sand 
dunes,  especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  the  discolora- 
tion is  less  likely  to  appear.  It  is  on  village  sites  that  the  greatest 
number  and  variety  of  Indian  remains  are  likely  to  be  found. 

Another  feature  of  many  sites  is  the  presence  of  sunken  fire- 
places and  refuse  holes  or  pits,  long  since  filled  with  the  debris 
of  camp  life.  These  are  bowl-shaped  depressions,  anywhere 
from  two  and  a  half  to  four  or  five  feet  deep,  filled  with  black 
earth  darkened  by  charcoal  and  decayed  organic  matter,  and 
often  containing  oyster  shells,  the  bones  of  fish  and  animals, 
implements,  whole  or  broken,  potsherds,  and  other  abundant 
relics  of  their  makers.  It  is  in  such  pits  particularly  that  bone 
implements,  whole  or  fragmentary  pottery  vessels,  clay  pipes, 
and  other  utensils,  are  most  likely  to  occur.  Often,  in  the  winter, 
when  the  ground  was  too  hard  for  digging  with  their  crude  tools. 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  n 

the  Indians  placed  the  bodies  of  their  dead  in  these  pits,  and 
covered  them  with  debris.  At  times,  when  in  peril,  perhaps,  the 
Indians  concealed  their  little  valuables  under  the  refuse,  and 
never  returned,  so  that  to  this  day,  unless  discovered  by  some 
accident,  these  treasure  stores  remain  to  reward  the  archaeologist. 

Shell  heaps. — Shell  heaps  frequently  mark  the  garbage  dump 
of  some  old  Indian  village.  They  often  occur  near  the  sites  of 
former  settlements,  always  near  water,  and  sometimes  by  them- 
selves, far  out  on  the  salt  meadows.  Those  on  the  marshes 
present  the  shell  mound  in  its  most  typical  form,  and  mark  the 
spot  where  the  Indian  procured  and  dried  oysters  and  other 
bivalves  to  carry  inland  for  consumption.  Often  these  heaps 
are  of  great  size,  like  the  mound  at  Tuckerton,  and  frequently 
they  contain  nothing  but  shells  from  top  to  bottom.  Relics  are 
never  so  abundant  in  any  shell  heap  as  they  are  on  a  village  site, 
and  often  a  search  of  the  fields  nearby  will  prove  more  pro- 
ductive than  digging  in  the  mound. 

The  shell  heaps  on  the  mainland  are  often  not  heaps  at  all,  in 
the  true  sense  of  the  word,  although  they  may  have  been  several 
feet  above  the  surface  in  Indian  times.  The  washing  of  earth 
or  the  blowing  of  sand  has  covered  them  with  many  inches  of 
concealing  soil,  and  they  may  only  be  found  through  the  chance 
burrowing  of  some  animal  which  throws  out  the  shells,  or  the 
passage  of  a  ploughshare  through  their  midst.  These  mainland 
heaps  are  most  apt  to  be  true  kitchen  middens,  and  in  them  may 
often  be  found  many  of  the  objects  that  occur  on  village  sites, 
and,  as  in  the  firepits,  objects  that  would  otherwise  decay  are 
preserved  by  the  protecting  soil  and  shells.  Beneath  the  shell 
heap  are  often  found  the  skeletons  of  the  Indians  themselves, 
perhaps  interred  there  for  concealment  from  foes,  or  for  some 
reason  unknown  to-day.  Fire  pits  and  refuse  holes  are  also 
found  uncles  the  shell  layers. 

The  late  Dr.  Frank  Hamilton  Cushing  of  Washington  dis- 
covered that  an  Indian  village  stood  on  piles  over  the  meadow 
near  the  great  heap  at  Tuckerton,  and  in  the  muck  he  found  the 
ends  of  the  posts  that  once  supported  the  lodges.  This  condition, 
while  rare,  is  not  unique,  for  many  years  ago  the  remains  of  an 


12  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Indian  pile  village,  on  Naaman's  Creek  in  Delaware,  was  dis- 
covered and  explored  for  the  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts.1 

Nbt  all  New  Jersey  shell  heaps  are  composed  of  the  waste  part 
of  the  oyster  industry.  In  Cape  May  County  there  are  piles  of 
clam  and  other  shells  that  have  been  broken  into  many  small 
fragments,  probably  in  the  process  of  manufacturing  wampum 
beads.  •  A  typical  shell  heap  can  be  distinguished  from  a  natural 
shell  bank  by  the  facts  that  valves  are  very  rarely  found  together, 
but  scattered  about,  whereas  they  would  be  in  contact  in  a  natural 
deposit;  many  are  broken,  and  the  shells  in  the  artificial  shell 
heaps  are  nearly  all  of  the  same  size,  few  small  ones  being  found; 
and  articles  of  Indian  manufacture,  implements,  potsherds,  fire- 
cracked  stones  and  flint  chips  are  hidden  among  the  shells.  In 
the  case  of  very  old  heaps  it  often  happens  that  crude  imple- 
ments are  found  toward  the  bottom,  increasingly  better  ones 
higher  up,  and  articles  of  European  manufacture,  obtained  in 
trade  with  the  whites,  scattered  on  and  near  the  surface.  In 
some  cases,  shell  heaps  have  been  found  that  were  used  and 
abandoned  several  times.  During  the  periods  of  non-occupa- 
tion, sand  drifted  over  the  surface,  so  that  excavation  reveals 
several  layers  of  occupation;  such  strata  are  to  be  expected  in 
New  Jersey  shell  mounds,  though  none  have  as  yet  been  re- 
ported. 

Cemeteries. — The  typical  Indian  cemetery  in  New  Jersey  is 
practically  impossible  to  locate  except  by  accident,  as  there  are 
rarely  if  ever  any  surface  indications  to  point  out  the  spot.  The 
place  of  occurrence  of  such  a  cemetery  is  also  uncertain. 
Often  one  may  be  found  on  a  high  sandy  knoll  opposite  the 
village.  Again  the  burial  ground  may  be  in  an  adjoining  low- 
land field  under  a  shell  heap,  or  the  bodies  may  be  found  in  and 
among  the  hearths  in  the  heart  of  the  village  itself. 

The  typical  graveyard  is,  however,  on  a  warm,  sandy  hillock 
near  the  village.     The  skeletons  are  usually  found  lying  on  one 


1  Pile  structure  in  Naaman's  Creek,  near  Claymont,  Delaware,  Archaeological 
and  Ethnological  papers  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology 
and  Ethnology,  Vol.  I,  No.  4. 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  13 

side,  drawn  up  "in  a  sitting  posture",  the  knees  before  the  face. 
In  the  majority  of  cases  no  objects  are  found  in  the  graves,  and 
only  the  black  soil  near  the  bones  betrays  their  presence.  How- 
ever, in  some  places,  notably  at  Chestnut  Neck  near  New  Gretna, 
at  Morgan's  Station,  at  Tbttenville,  Staten  Island  (politically 
in  New  York,  geographically  in  New  Jersey  and  occupied  by 
New  Jersey  Indians),  many  objects  have  been  found  in  the 
graves.  The  most  common  of  these  were  flat-based,  highly 
polished  monitor  pipes  of  steatite,  and  stone  pendants  or  gorgets, 
but  it  does  not  seem;  to  have  been  a  custom  of  the  Lenni  Lenape 
or  Delaware  Indians  to  bury  pottery  vessels  with  their  dead,  as 
did  their  fierce  neighbors,  the  New  York  Iroquois.  In  addition 
to  this  variation  from  the  usual  Lenape  custom  of  putting  noth- 
ing in  the  grave,  we  find  other  curious  features.  Sometimes 
the  bodies  are  laid  at  length  in  the  grave,  as  we  bury,  but  this 
is  unusual.  Often  a  mere  mass  of  disarticulated  bones,  bundled 
together,  with  the  skull  on  top,  is  found.  This  is  doubtless  due 
to  the  custom,  sometimes  described  by  the  old  writers,  of  bringing 
home  the  bones  of  those  who  died  at  a  distance  to  inter  them 
in  their  native  land.  The  bare  skeletons  when  exhumed  often 
look  abnormally  large  to  the  inexperienced  amateur  archaeol- 
ogist, and  hence  have  given  rise  to  weird  tales  of  a  gigantic  race. 

Artificial  burial  mounds  do  not  exist  in  New  Jersey.  They 
are  frequently  reported,  but  investigation  has  invariably  shown 
that  the  Indians  have  made  use  of  a  natural  elevation  for  their 
interments.  No  earthworks  or  mounds  of  aboriginal  manufac- 
ture are  known  in  the  State,  popular  tradition  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding. 

Rock  Shelters. — In  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  in  the  moun- 
tains, the  aborigines  took  advantage  of  the  shelter  offered  by 
nature,  and  under  overhanging  cliffs,  in  caves,  and  even  about 
the  concave  sides  of  huge  detached  boulders,  where  there  is  a 
southern  exposure,  or  more  important  still,  near  fresh  water, 
traces  of  their  occupation  may  be  found.  In  the  cave  dirt  that 
litters  the  floors  of  these  retreats,  many  objects  of  Indian  make 
may  be  exhumed.  Mr.  Max  Schrabisch,  of  Paterson,  who  has 
explored  and  excavated  more  of  these  than  any  other  person, 


14  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

has  made  the  interesting  discovery  that  the  earliest  occupants 
had  crude  tools  and  no  pottery,  a  fact  that  has  been  corroborated 
by  the  rock  shelter  work  of  Mr.  M.  R.  Harrington  in  Westchester 
County,1  New  York,  and  Mr.  Elmer  T.  Gregor,  in  Pike  County, 
Pennsylvania.  Tnis,  to  a  certain  extent,  connects  the  earlier 
"cave  dwellers"  with  the  nonpottery-making  argillite  users  of 
the  Delaware  Valley.  Needless  to  say,  the  rock  shelter  is  a 
feature  of  northern  New  Jersey,  physiographical  conditions  pre- 
cluding their  presence  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  The 
rock  shelters  yield  nearly  all  the  forms  of  implements  found 
on  the  village  sites,  and  generally  they  are  easier  to  find,  since 
they  are  crowded  into  smaller  compass.  An  interesting  feature, 
common  to  many  rock  shelters,  is  the  presence  of  a  dump  near 
at  hand  where  the  sweepings  of  the  retreat  have  accumulated, 
and  where  the  best  relics  of  its  occupants  may  be  found.  The 
importance  of  the  rock  shelter  as  a  repository  for  records  of 
aboriginal  occupation,  curiously  enough,  has  been  slighted,  and 
it  has  remained  for  Mr.  Schrabisch  to  make  an  exhaustive  study 
of  those  occurring  in  this  State. 

Caches. — Here  and  there,  but  more  particularly  in  the  vicinity 
of  Trenton,  hoards,  or  as  they  are  often  called,  caches,  of  im- 
plements are  found.  Flint,  when  newly  quarried,  still  retains 
moisture  known  as  "quarry  water",  and  when  damp  is  far  easier 
to  work  than  later,  when  it  becomes  dry  and  brittle.  It  is  as- 
sumed that  the  Indian  knew  this,  and  after  having  blanked 
out  a  number  of  leaf -shaped  forms  that  could  be  used  as  they 
were,  and  needed  only  a  few  finishing  touches  to  specialize  them 
as  knives,  spears,  drills  and  what  not,  he  buried  them  in  the 
earth  where  they  might  retain  their  moisture  and  await  his 
leisure.  But  not  all  caches  consist  of  these  leaf -shaped  blades, 
for  hoards  of  grooved  axes,  celts,  copper  implements,  and  other 
things  have  been  found,  and  for  these  the  explanation  fails.  Some 
may  have  been  surplus  stock  of  traders,  others,  perhaps,  were 
hidden  to  prevent  them  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 


1  See  M.  R.  Harrington,  "The  Rock  Shelters  of  Armonk,  New  York" 
(Anthropological  Papers  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol. 
3,  pp.  125-138). 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  15 

still  others  were  possibly  sacrifices  to  the  Powers  Below.  Who 
can  tell,  except  the  spirit  of  him  who  so  carefully  deposited  them 
for  us  to  find? 

Quarries. — In  some  localities,  where  there  are  argillite  or 
quartzite  outcrops  near  the  surface,  native  quarries  have  been 
found.  Blocks  of  material  lie  detached,  and  with  them  the  chips, 
cores,  rejects,  and  failures  of  the  process  of  arrow  making.  Stone 
mauls  and  hammers  nearby  also  tell  of  the  quarryman's  industry, 
but  usually  there  are  no  perfect  examples  of  the  tools  at  which 
he  toiled,  for  he  took  them  away  as  the  fruits  of  his  labor.  Some- 
times, too,  he  carried  of!  the  rough  flint,  and  finished  the  work 
at  his  lodge,  or  even  paused  besides  some  spring  at  noonday, 
and  there  continued  his  task,  for  often,  on  a  village  site,  or 
far  away  in  the  woods,  one  may  find  a  little  pile  of  chips  that  re- 
main to  show  where  some  solitary  workman  shaped  his  points. 
Often,  too,  the  traces  show  that  he  used  a  chance  drift  pebble  of 
jasper  or  quartz  for  his  material  and  not  a  chunk  of  flint 
wrenched  from  the  quarry. 

Trails. — In  many  different  parts  of  the  State,  traces  of  Indian 
trails  still  remain.  On  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott's  farm  near  Trenton, 
there  still  exists  part  of  the  old  footpath  from  Chester,  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  Manhattan.  It  fords  the  Delaware  at  Bristol,  crossing 
to  Burlington,  and  passing  up  the  river,  crosses  Crosswick  Creek 
where  the  Bordentown  trolley  bridge  stands,  goes  on  to  the 
Assanpink,  follows  its  valley  upwards  towards  its  headwaters, 
parallels  the  waters  of  the  Millstone  along  its  bank,  fords  the 
Raritan,  and  circles  about  to  Manhattan.  Where  preserved  on 
the  Abbott  farm  it  is  worn  deep  by  the  passage  of  countless 
soft-shod  feet,  and  is  green  with  moss.  So  fresh  and  well  de- 
fined is  it,  that,  standing  under  the  shade  of  the  primeval  beeches, 
one  expects  at  any  moment  to  see  a  half -clad  troop  of  Lenape, 
loaded  with  packs  of  furs,  step  noiselessly  along  its  course.  Again 
along  the  east  shore,  on  the  mainland  behind  the  bays,  there 
can  still  be  seen  in  detached  fragments,  part  of  the  old  north 
and  south  path  of  the  Indians.  In  some  places,  notably  in  the 
dense  cedar  swamps  north  of  Toms  River,  log  causeways  are 
reported,  that  still  serve  to  keep  dry  the  feet  of  roving  hunters. 


1 6  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

These  causeways  seem  surely  to  have  been  the  work  of  the 
Delaware  Indians.  In  other  places  one  may  yet  see  the  remains 
of  the  stepping  stones  that  the  Indians  piled  in  the  river  in  order 
that  they  might  cross  dry  shod.  These  are  easily  confused  with 
the  zigzag  stone  walls  that  here  and  there  cross  Our  rivers,  mark- 
ing the  old  fish  weirs  of  the  savages. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  INDIAN. 

A  persistent  tradition  among  the  descendants  of  the  old  settlers 
of  New  Jersey  states  that  the  Indians  lived  most  of  the  year  in 
the  valley  of  the  Delaware,  and  came  to  the  coast  only  at  certain 
seasons  to  hunt  and  fish.  The  results  of  our  survey,  while  only 
preliminary,  tend  to  confirm  this.  Along  the  shores  of  the  great 
bays  of  east  New  Jersey  from  Navesink  to  Cape  May  there 
are  few  traces  of  permanent  settlements.  The  shell  heaps  and 
camp  sites  that  abound  betoken  frequent  use  of  the  same  spot 
during  the  fishing  season,  but  not  continuous  occupation.  Vil- 
lage sites  and  burial  grounds  are  few  and  far  between,  Tuckerton 
and  Beesleys  Point  being  notable  exceptions.  The  great  mass 
of  villages  and  cemeteries,  with  their  countless  variety  of  relics, 
are  along  Delaware  River  and  its  tributaries.  In  the  sandy 
interior  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  there  are  comparatively 
few  traces ;  it  was  a  hunting  preserve.  In  the  northern  part,  there 
are  more,  and  there  seem  to  have  been  extensive  settlements  about 
New  York  and  Raritan  Bays,  especially  on  Staten  Island.  The 
lands  adjacent  to  Newark  Bay  and  the  valleys  of  the  Passaic 
and  Hackensack  are  also  filled  with  Indian  traces;  the  ledges 
of  the  mountains  furnish  rock  and  cave  shelters,  and  there  were 
extensive  settlements  on  the  upper  Delaware. 

In  a  way,  the  evidence  goes  to  corroborate  our  historical 
knowledge.  We  are  aware  that  the  Lenape  were  divided  into 
three  parts;  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  the  Munsee;  in 
the  central,  the  Unami;    and  in  the  southern,  the  Unalachtigo.1 


1  A  brief  but  highly  instructive  summary  of  the  historical  facts  supporting 
the  view  that  the  Lenape  found  no  other  people  in  New  Jersey  when  they 
migrated  thither  was  made  by  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka  in  a  discussion  of  Trenton 
Crania.     (Bulletin,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  16,  pp.  32-41  •) 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  17 

Our  survey  so  far  shows  clusters  of  sites,  extensive  and  long 
occupied,  near  Bridgeton  on  Cohansey  Creek,  doubtless  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Unalachtigo;  at  Trenton,  and  on  Staten  Island 
and  vicinity,  are  the  main  Unami  settlements;  near  Belvidere 
and  Columbia  the  fields  are  rich  with  traces  of  the  Munsee. 

In  the  year  1836,  Constantine  Samuel  Rafinesque  published  in 
Philadelphia  a  work  entitled,  "The  American  Nations,  or,  Out- 
lines of  a  National  History  of  the  Ancient  and  Modern  Nations 
of  North  and  South  America."1  In  this  collection  is  included 
a  translation  of  the  "Walam  Olum"  or  "Red  Score"  of  the 
Delaware,  the  cosmogony  and  migration  myth  of  the  tribe.  For 
many  years  the  authenticity  of  the  document  was  doubted,  but 
Brinton  and  other  scholars  have  proved  its  genuineness,  the  final 
and  best  translation  being  made  by  Dr.  Brinton  with  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Rev.  Albert  Anthony,  an  educated  Lenape  Indian.2 

After  a  description  of  the  creation  of  the  world,  the  Walam, 
Olum  relates  that  the  Lenape  were  living  in  a  cold  land  to  the 
north,  sometimes  identified  as  Labrador.  The  climatic  conditions 
were  so  severe  that  they  were  forced  to  leave,  and  journeying 
southwest  they  came  to  a  stream  which  seems  to  have  been  the 
St.  Lawrence,  which  they  crossed  on  the  ice.  They  tarried  for  a 
time  in  the  middle  west,  and  then  journeyed  east  again,  warring 
with  the  Talega,  who  seem  to  have  been  the  Cherokee,  who  built 
mounds  and  fortifications.  Having  subdued  the  Cherokee  and 
driven  them  away  with  the  aid  of  an  Iroquoian  tribe,  supposed 
to  be  the  Huron  or  their  kindred,  they  soon  tired  of  their  new 
territory  and  pushed  eastward  until  they  struck  the  sea  coast. 
Here  they  settled,  spreading  out  and  splitting  up  into  various 
divisions,  a  happy  and  prosperous  people  until  the  white  man 
came.  The  rest  of  their  story  is  one  of  misery  and  exile,  and 
it  can  be  found  in  any  history  of  the  region. 

PREDECESSORS  OP  THE  DELAWARE  INDIANS. 

The  Lenni  Lenape,  although  found  here  by  the  first  white  set- 
tlers, were  not  the  oldest  inhabitants  of  the  region.     Beneath  the 


1  See  D.  G.  Brinton,  "The  Lenape  and  Their  Legends,"  p.  151. 
8  Vide,  ibid,  p.  156. 

2   GEOL 


1 8  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

immediate  surface,  darkened  by  the  refuse  from  Indian  habita- 
tions, chipped  implements  of  argillite  have  been  found  in  the 
undisturbed  yellow  soil  under  conditions  that  suggest  consider- 
able historical  antiquity.  No  pottery  or  implements  other  than 
large  rough  argillite  points,  blades  and  the  like  occur,  whereas 
the  Lenape  layer  above  is  rife  with  pottery,  implements  of  all 
kinds,  and  materials.  In  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  this  phe- 
nomenon has  been  amply  observed  and  investigated  by  Dr.  C. 
C.  Abbott,  Mr.  Ernest  Volk,  and  others.1  Mr.  Lockwood  is  said 
to  have  noted  it  at  Keyport,  in  the  shell  heaps,  and  Messrs. 
Edmund  Shimp  and  R.  W.  Emerson  of  Bridgeton  have  recorded 
the  presence  of  at  least  one  site  on  Cohansey  Creek,  where  crude 
argillite  tools  alone  occur.  Mr.  Schrabisch  in  his  work  on  New 
Jersey  rock  shelters,  Mr.  Gregor  in  Pennsylvania,  and  Mr.  Har- 
rington in  New  York  report  the  presence  of  a  nonpottery-using 
people  as  shown  by  the  bottom,  hence  the  oldest,  layers  in  the 
debris  of  the  caves. 

There  has  been  much  controversy  about  the  question,  but  when 
the  same  conditions  are  found  by  independent  observers  in  dif- 
ferent localities,  where  these  finds  and  reports  are  unanimous 
and  consistent,  one  cannot  but  admit  the  truth.  The  rub  comes 
on  the  relative  age  of  the  finds,  and  here  we  find  the  archaeolo- 
gist and  the  geologist  are  at  odds.  The  former  often  claims 
great  geological  antiquity  for  his  finds,  the  latter  denies  it. 
Assuming  that  each  is  thoroughly  competent  in  his  own  science, 
the  writer  is  forced  to  take  the  middle  ground,  and  while  con- 
vinced of  the  existence  and  authenticity  of  the  argillite  finds  he 
is  obliged  to  consider  them  as  of  great  historical  age  only,  and 
perhaps  relatively  recent  from  a  geological  standpoint.  Possibly 
there  was  an  argillite  culture  here  before  the  Delaware  or  Lenape 
Indian  that  our  ancestors  knew,  but  to  say  that  these  people  were 
of  a  different  race,  a  race  that  could  be  called  pre-Indian,  is  too 
much,  though  they  may  be  called  pre-Delaware  with  some  cer- 
tainty.    The  Walam  Olum  also  makes  it  appear  that  the  Dela- 


1  See  especially  "The  Archeology  of  the  Delaware  Valley,"  by  Ernest  Volk 
(Papers  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archeology  and  Ethnology, 
Harvard  University,  Vol.  5)  ;  also  "Archseologia  Nova  Caesarea,  'Ten 
Years'  Diggings  in  Lenape  Land,"  and  other  works  by  C.  C.  Abbott. 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  19 

ware  came  into  New  Jersey  with  a  well-developed  culture  and 
clinches  the  case.  The  Lenape  of  course  used  argillite  imple- 
ments, often  not  to  be  distinguished  from  those  of  their  predeces- 
sors, but  they  are  found  commingled  with  jasper,  flint,  and 
quartz,  not  isolated,  and  generally  in  a  different  cultural  horizon. 
As  for  the  still  older  "paleoliths,"  that  such  exist  in  the  Dela- 
ware Valley  seems  to  be  demonstrated  by  Volk,  although  some 
archaeologists  are  not  satisfied  that  the  remains  are  of  human 
origin. 

UNSETTLED   PROBLEMS. 

Lenni  Lenape. — We  have  seen  that  the  problems  which  present 
themselves  to  the  student  of  the  archaeology  of  New  Jersey  are 
threefold,  according  to  the  phases  of  the  work  in  hand,  but 
there  are  other  minor  problems  within  these  that  cry  for  an 
answer  before  we  can  properly  take  up  the  greater  ones.  In  the 
case'  of  the  historic  Lenape  Indian  we  should  like  to  know  where 
he  came  from,  at  what  place  or  places  he  first  entered  our  bor- 
ders, how  and  in  what  manner  he  developed  and  advanced  in 
culture,  after  arriving,  if  indeed  he  did,  and  lastly,  his  relations 
with  the  peoples  west,  north,  and  south.  The  study  of  historical 
and  documentary  evidence,  such  as  the  Walam  Olum,  bearing  on 
the  Lenni  Lenape,  and  the  investigation  of  the  ethnology  and 
folklore  of  the  tribe  as  represented  by  the  surviving  remnants  in 
Canada  and  Oklahoma  will  help  on  the  first  problem,,  aided  by 
archaeological  work  along  the  lines  indicated  by  the  results  of 
this  survey,  to  see  whether  the  migration  can  be  traced  to  its 
source. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  Lenape,  as  scattered  bands,  may 
have  struck  the  boundaries  of  "the  country  by  the  Great  Water 
where  Daylight  Appears"  in  several  places.  On  the  other  hand, 
according  to  the  evidence  so  far  brought  out  by  our  survey,  it 
seems  possible  that  some  of  the  oldest  and  most  extensive  settle- 
ments of  the  Lenape  were  on  Cohansey  Creek  near  Bridgeton, 
and  therefore  that  locality  may  have  been  one  of  the  first  abiding 
places  of  the  Lenape  in  this  State,  and  the  one  from,  which  they 
spread.  It  is  not  good  to  jump  at  conclusions,  however,  and  we 
must  await  further  evidence  before  definitely  stating  this  to  be 


20  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

the  case,  since  there  are  several  other  localities  which  deserve 
attention,  especially  some  of  those  in  the  neighborhood  of  Pater- 
son  investigated  by  Mr.  Schrabisch,  which  seem,  to  mark  very  old 
sites. 

In  the  Paterson  region  the  sites,  exclusive  of  the  rock  shelters 
are  unusually  rich  in  all  the  commoner  implements,  but  are  poor 
in  pottery,  and  lack  almost  wholly  the  finer  articles,  especially 
ornaments  of  polished  stone.  This  may  show,  when  Mr. 
Schrabiseh's  work  is  completed,  and  correlated  with  the  results 
of  other  workers,  that  the  earliest  Lenape,  or  their  predecessors, 
were  not  so  far  advanced  as  the  inhabitants  of  Trenton  and  the 
vicinity  of  Staten  Island,  where  the  finest  examples  of  stone  work 
and  pottery  have  been  found. 

For  a  definite  knowledge  of  the  cultural  position  of  the  Lenni 
Lenape  as  shown  by  their  archaeology  in  comparison  with  that 
of  their  neighbors,  we  need  more  detailed  information  from 
South  Jersey,  and  from  the  Delaware  Water  Gap  region.  So 
far  as  can  now  be  judged,  the  Lenape  at  their  best  had  reached 
a  higher  point  culturally  than  the  New  England  tribes,  the 
New  York  Coastal  Algonkin,  or  the  tribes  to  the  south  at  least 
as  far  as  the  Powhatan  region.  They  had  developed  a  beautiful 
and  characteristic  pottery,  excelled  in  work  in  stone,  and  had 
evolved  several  types  of  stone  articles  that  are  unique. 

The  pre-Lenapian  argillite  users. — The  matter  of  the  argillite 
using  pre-Lenapians  of  the  Trenton  region  is  very  interesting. 
We  have  seen  that  argillite  finds  are  reported  at  least  from 
Bridgeton  and  Keyport,  and  it  is  of  importance  to  know  where 
else  their  remains  are  or  are  not  found.  It  is  highly  probable 
that  the  culture  of  these  people  connects  itself  with  that  of  the 
nonpottery-making  aborigines  whose  remains  occur  in  the  low- 
est layers  of  the  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania  rock 
shelters.  It  behooves  us  to  see  what  can  be  found  in  the  bottom 
strata  of  the  great  shell  heaps  along  the  coast.  It  is  the  belief 
of  the  writer  that  the  argillite  culture  represents  an  eastern 
migration  of  Algonkin  peoples  older  than  the  advent  of  the 
Lenape,  although  it  would  not  be  altogether  surprising  if  they 
proved  to  be  the  earliest  wave  of  the  Lenape  themselves.  So 
much  has  been  written  and  said  about  the  so-called  paleolithic 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  21 

remains  that  their  problems  need  not  be  discussed  here.    Further 
data  from  other  sources  than  Trenton  are  much  to  be  desired. 


TYPES   OP   SPECIMENS. 

The  objects  remaining  to  us  of  Lenape  industry  may  be  arbi- 
trarily classed  by  their  material  into  articles  of  stone,  clay,  cop- 
per, bone  and  shell.  Since  the  first  of N  these  are  the  most  abun- 
dant, the  Indian  may  be  regarded  as  living  in  the  "stone  age,"  at 
the  advent  of  the  white  man.  This  does  not  mean,  however,  that 
he  used  only  implements  of  stone. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  wood,  clay,  bone,  antler,  fabrics  and 
a  dozen  other  things  were  used  by  the  savage  simulta- 
neously with  stone,  the  latter  indeed,  only  furnished  him 
with  such  tools  for  which  we  employ  metal  to-day.  Our 
New  Jersey  Indians,  who  had  reached  an  advanced  stage  in 
the  knowledge  of  the  processes  of  working  stone,  had  many 
other  things  besides  their  implements  of  this  material.  Wooden 
bowls,  carved  from  knots,  wooden  mortars,  pestles,  spoons, 
canoes,  masks,  bows,  and  a  dozen  other  things  were  in  every- 
day use.  Bags,  garments  and  nets  woven  of  string  made  of  native 
hemp  or  the  inner  bark  of  trees;  bags,  clothes,  and  utensils  of 
skin;  awls,  arrow  points,  knives,  cups  and  scrapers  of  bone  and 
antler,  mats,  and  basketry  of  reeds,  flags,  bark,  grass  and  corn 
husks,  and  so  on,  a  thousand  and  one  things,  not  now  preserved 
in  New  Jersey,  for  the  most  part,  but  described  in  the  writings 
of  the  early  travelers  were  in  daily  use.  A  few  very  old  pieces, 
said  to  have  come  from  this  locality,  are  still  in  the  hands  of  the 
exiled  Delaware  in  Canada  and  Oklahoma.  We  cannot  truly  say 
that  the  Indian  was  living  in  an  age  of  stone  alone,  any  more 
than  we  can  call  him1  inartistic  because  his  beautiful  aboriginal  art 
products,  such  as  the  woven  turkey- feather  robes  and  dainty  por- 
cupine-quill embroidery  have  vanished.  Thus  it  is,  that  in  the 
shell  pits  and  heaps,  graves,  and  old  wigwam  sites  of  our  Indians 
we  find  a  number  of  implements  of  bone,  turtle  shell,  and  antler, 
the  existence  of  which  might  never  be  suspected  if  we  confined  our 
search  to  the  surface. 


22  ARCH/EOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

In  the  presence  of  Dr.  Abbott's  well-known  works  on  the 
"Stone  Age  in  New  Jersey,"  "Primitive  Industry,"  "Archaeologia 
Nova  Csesarea,"  and  "Ten  Years'  Diggings  in  Lenape  Land,"  it 
is  useless  for  the  writer  to  describe  and  classify  each  type  in 
detail.  It  is  sufficient  for  present  purposes  to  discuss  only  the 
typical  objects  of  each  class. 

Articles  of  Stone. 

Stone  articles  may  be  subdivided  as  follows : 

a.  Implements  of  rough  or  pecked  stone. 

b.  Implements  of  polished  stone. 

c.  Implements  of  chipped  stone. 

We  further  find  that  the  first  order  may  be  divided  into  two 
parts : 

i.  Articles  of  natural  stone,  shaped  by  usage  and  only  slightly 
worked. 

2.  Objects  deliberately  fashioned  by  the  exertion  of  labor  and 
skill. 

Rough  Stone  Implements. — In  the  first  class,  we  have  in  order 
of  abundance:  first,  hammer  stones,  plain  pebbles  for  various 
homely  uses,  generally,  but  not  always,  battered  upon  the  ends 
and  sides,  and  often  with  a  pit  pecked  in  each  side  to  facilitate 
the  grip  with  the  thumb  and  forefinger,  especially  when  the  tool 
has  become  greasy,  a  not  unknown  occurrence  in  the  case  of 
Indian  property.  Around  Plainfield  a  number  of  hammer  pebbles 
with  two  pits  on  each  side  have  been  collected.  Sometimes  peb- 
bles were  grooved  about  the  lateral  axes  to  serve  as  mauls  or 
hammers. 

Besides  these  hammer  stones  there  are  larger  pitted  stones, 
often  with  a  deep  abraded  hollow  on  one  side  only,  as  though 
the  pebble  had  been  used  as  an  anvil  or  a  lapstone.  Then  there 
are  stones  which  have  been  incidentally  shaped  while  used  for 
grinding  and  polishing,  a  process  which  often  wears  away  the 
original  rind,  and  thus  determines  the  nature  of  the  tool  for  the 
archaeologist.  Net  sinkers  are  field  pebbles,  notched  on  two  or 
more  sides  to  receive  a  cord,  or,  more  rarely,  grooved  about 
the  long  or  short  axes  for  the  same  purpose.    A  form  found,  to 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  23 

my  knowledge,  only  in  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  is  a  flat  peb- 
ble with  a  hole  near  the  edge  carefully  pecked  in  from  both 
sides.  These  perforated  stones  were  probably  weights  or  sinkers. 
For  the  milling  of  their  corn,  mortars  made  of  boulders  were 
used.  These  are  cupped  on  the  upper  surface  to  receive  the  grain 
when  the  rock  is  heavy  and  bulky,  but  when  a  slab  or  a  small 
stone  was  used,  there  are  often  hollows  on  both  upper  and 
under  surfaces,  and  examples  are  known  in  which  these  hollows 
have  been  worn  through,  and  the  stone  rendered  useless  because 
of  the  resulting  perforation.  This  is  also  true  of  some  of  the 
smaller  anvil  stones  which  are  double-faced.  The  long  cylindrical 
pestle,  made  by  carefully  pecking  at  and  dressing  down  a  suit- 
ably shaped  pebble,  and  therefore  falling  into  our  second  sub- 
division, while  not  uncommon,  was  not,  as  many  think,  used  in 
connection  with  the  shallow  stone  mortar.  It  functioned  with  a 
wooden  mill  made  from  a  section  of  a  tree,  with  a  receiving  cup 
for  the  corn  burned  and  scraped  in  one  end.  A  round  pebble, 
a  grinding  stone  or  muller,  was  used  with  the  stone  mortar. 
Such  specimens  have  up  to  very  recently,  been  collected  among 
the  New  York  Iroquois,  and  there  is  ample  historic  evidence 
concerning  the  connection  of  the  long  stone  pestle  and  wooden 
mortar.  The  writer  and  others  have  obtained  such  utensils  from 
living  Indians.  The  round  grinding  stones  or  mullers  used  with 
the  stone  mortar  show  their  purpose  by  the  fact  that  the  surface 
is  rubbed  away  where  the  tool  came  in  contact  with  the  metate 
or  slab. 

Arrow-shaft  smoothers  are  blocks  of  gritty  stone  with  deep 
grooves  wide  enough  to  receive  the  arrow  and  through  which 
the  wooden  shaft  was  rubbed  to  shape  it.  Related  to  these 
are  the  smooth  pebbles  with  grooves  worn  in  the  edges  through 
which  thongs  or  sinews  have  been  run  back  and  forth  to  flress 
them.  These  are  sometimes  perforated  at  one  end  for  sus- 
pension. 

Crude  chipped  blades  are  found  that  may  have  been  used  as 
lances  or  spades.  They  are  lanceolate  in  shape  as  a  rule  and 
often  the  edge  is  polished  as  if  by  contact  with  the  soil.  They  are 
crude  indeed  in  comparison  with  the  chipped  flint  hoes  of  the 
Middle  West. 


24  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Besides  these  articles  of  rough  stone,  we  have  those  that  have 
been  pecked  carefully  into  shape  by  a  stone  hammer,  and  often 
polished  highly  by  way  of  finishing.  These  include  grooved  axes, 
wedge-shaped  implements  with  a  groove  entirely  encircling  the 
broad  base,  or  with  one  side  flat.  Some  have  two  grooves,  but 
none  with  double  blades  have  been  reported.  These  axes  vary 
in  size  and  weight  from  toys  an  inch  or  so  long  to  clumsy  tools 
weighing  fourteen  pounds.  Some  are  very  highly  polished, 
others  only  show  the  pecking.  These  were  probably  hafted  by 
splitting  one  end  of  a  stick,  setting  in  the  blade,  making  the  handle 
fast  in  the  groove,  and  lashing  the  split  together  above  and  below 
the  stone.  When  the  blade  of  such  an  axe  was  broken  it  was 
often  used  as  a  maul. 

Celts  are  stone  hatchets  without  the  groove,  are  usually 
smaller  in  size,  and  have  a  tapering  butt.  A  number  of  usages  are 
assigned  to  these  implements,  but  several  have  been  recovered 
with  the  original  handle  still  preserved,  showing  that  they  were 
most  commonly  used  as  axes.  In  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History  of  New  York,  there  is  one  which  was  dredged 
from  the  muck  at  the  bottom  of  a  pond  in  Thorndale,  Dutchess 
County,  New  York.  Partial  charring  aided  the  mud  in  per- 
serving  the  wood.  The  handle  was  club-shaped,  tapering  to  the 
grip,  and  the  blade  was  set  in  a  hole  which  was  pierced  through 
one  end,  the  butt  protruding  above  the  top.  Smaller  chisel-like 
celts  were  set  in  the  handle,  not  through  it.  Stone  gouges, 
shaped  very  like  our  metal  tools,  and  adzes  like  the  grooved 
ax,  with  one  side  flat,  are  reported. 

Pestles  were  long  stone  cylinders  carefully  pecked  from  river 
pebbles,  and  used  as  described  above  with  hollow  wooden 
mortars.  Stone  mortars  are  often  found  in  the  shape  of  boulders 
cupped  on  one  or  both  sides. 

Polished  stone. — The  more  beautifully  finished  and  polished 
stone  utensils  of  the  Delaware  were  not  many  in  number. 
Pendants,  flat  and  perforated  at  one  end  for  suspension,  double- 
holed  pendants,  or  oblong  "gorgets,"  with  a  hole  near  each  end, 
have  been  collected  in  New  Jersey  in  considerable  numbers. 
Surviving  Lenape  claim  that  they  were  used  as  hair  ornaments. 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  25 

A  very  splendid  class  of  relics,  for  which  we  have  not  data  as 
to  use,  are  the  banner  stones,  beautiful  butterfly  and  pick-ax 
shaped  objects,  polished  and  perforated,  and  grooved  or  notched 
in  the  middle.  They  have  usually  been  considered  as  ceremonials 
and  it  is  impossible  to  say  anything  more  definite  of  them. 

Around  Imlaystown  and  Cream  Ridge  several  small  polished 
stone  objects,  resembling  "husking  pegs"  and  so  called  by  local 
collectors,  have  been  found ;  they  seem  not  to  occur  elsewhere. 

Stone  pipes  are  uncommon  indeed.  They  are  usually  of  the 
flat-based  monitor  type,  but  a  few  catlinite  pipes  are  reported. 
These,  of  course,  have  been  imported  from  the  west.  Stone 
tubes,  perhaps  uses  as  pipes,  possibly  used  by  medicine  men  to 
suck  disease  from  sick  persons,  as  bone  tubes  are  used  to-day 
by  Indians  in  the  west,  are  rare,  but  occasionally  found. 

The  remarkable  stone  heads,  characteristic  of  the  region,  are 
commented  on  more  fully  elsewhere.  This  is  but  a  brief  list 
of  the  more  common  archaeological  forms  in  stone. 

Chipped  Stone. — Everyone  is  familiar  with  the  countless 
thousands  of  arrow  points,  knives,  "spears,"  drills,  scrapers,  and 
other  chipped  stone  implements  found  scattered  all  over  the 
State. 

These  were  made  by  several  processes,  the  most  common  one 
in  the  east  being  as  follows  :  The  flint,  jasper,  quartz,  or  argillite 
was  quarried  from  the  bed  rock,  or  drift  pebbles  were  broken 
up  into  rough  blocks  with  a  stone  maul.  The  blocks  were 
further  dressed  roughly  into  shape  by  means  of  a  stone  hammer, 
probably  just  an  ordinary  pitted  pebble,  and  the  finishing  touches 
were  made  by  flaking  with  a  piece  of  bone  or  antler.  The  last 
tool  was  of  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  lead  pencil,  and  was 
manipulated  by  placing  one  end  against  the  edge  of  the  flint  and 
pressing  firmly.  The  pressure  caused  long  delicate  flakes  or 
chips  to  fly  off,  and  so  the  work  was  done. 

Pottery. 

The  typical  pottery  vessel  of  the  Delaware  Indians  was  shaped 
"like  an  tgg  with  the  top  cut  off".  That  is,  it  was  somewhat 
conical  in  shape,  and  possessed  a  pointed  bottom.     In  the  north- 


26  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

ern  part  of  their  range,  where  they  came  into  contact  with  the 
Iroquois,  the  Lenape  adopted  or  adapted  several  of  their  pottery 
forms.  The  typical  Iroquois  vessel  had  a  round  bottom,  a  con- 
stricted neck,  and  a  heavy,  often  square-cornered  collar  or  rim, 
which  was  commonly  ornamented  by  incised  lines,  and  the  angle 
between  the  neck  and  collar  was  frequently  notched.  Several 
intermediate  types  occur.1 

In  making  their  pottery  the  Lenape  sought  good,  stiff, 
tenacious  clay  which  they  dug  and  pounded,  mixing  with  it 
burned  shells  or  pebbles  to  temper  the  material  and  cause  it  to 
hold  together  more  firmly.  When  the  clay  was  properly  prepared 
it  was  made  into  long  rolls  by  the  potter,  and  these  rolls  were 
coiled  upward,  the  one  upon  the  other,  from  a  small  point  which 
formed  the  bottom.  When  the  vessel  was  shaped,  it  was 
smoothed  over,  while  the  clay  was  still  damp,  by  means  of  a 
slick  pebble,  and  the  ornamentation  was  cut,  scratched,  or 
stamped  near  the  rim.  Often  a  paddle  wrapped  in  cloth  was 
patted  over  the  soft  sides,  leaving  the  impressions  which  we  call 
fabric  marks.  When  the  vessel  was  finished  it  was  fired,  and 
was  a  durable  and  light  receptacle  for  liquids. 

If,  by  some  misfortune,  such  a  vessel  was  dropped  and  cracked 
it  was  often  mended  by  making  a  series  of  perforations  along 
both  sides  of  the  crack  and  lashing  or  lacing  it  tightly  together 
by  means  of  a  thong  or  string.  It  was  then  still  useful  for 
storing  corn  or  dry  stuffs  of  any  sort,  though  too  leaky  for 
water. 

Fragments  of  pottery  showing  the  shell  and  pebble  tempering, 
or  broken  in  such  a  manner  that  the  edges  of  the  coils  that  formed 
the  foundation  are  visible,  are  often  found,  and  other  pieces, 
still  bearing  witness  to  the  manner  in  which  the  pot  was  laced 
together  after  cracking,  the  proof  being  found  in  the  perforations 
themselves,  are  frequently  picked  up. 

In  size,  the  pottery  vessels  of  the  Lenape  ranged  from  large 
vessels  holding  four  of  five  gallons  to  those  that  are  only  capable 


1  See  Skinner,  "Archaeology  of  the  New  York  Coastal  Algonkin,"  pp.  222- 
227.  (Anthropological  Papers  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
Vol.  3.) 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  27 

of  containing  a  pint  or  so.  A  few  vessels  are  found  showing 
that  a  sizing  or  wash  of  fine  clay  was  spread  over  the  pot 
to  enhance  its  appearance.  More  rarely  traces  of  red  ochre 
show  that  the  entire  kettle  was  daubed  with  paint.  Designs 
painted  on  the  vessel  seem  never  to  have  been  employed,  and 
nearly  all  the  figures  in  the  stamped  or  incised  work  are  geo- 
metric and  angular.  Curvilinear  figures  are  very  rare,  and  life 
forms  almost  unknown.  An  exception  is  part  of  a  large  vessel 
of  old  Algonkian  design,  with  a  pointed  bottom,  found  by  the 
writer  in  a  shell  pit  on  a  village  site  at  Bowman's  Brook,  Mar- 
iner's Harbor,  Staten  Island,  New  York;  on  the  sherds  that 
represented  fragments  of  the  rim  were  several  crude  human  faces 
modeled  in  relief.  Other  crude  outlines  of  the  human  face  have 
been  found  on  potsherds  from  Manhattan  Island.  In  each  of 
these  cases  the  specimens  were  on  pottery  of  the  Iroquoian  type, 
although  those  found  by  the  writer,  while  on  an  old  Lenapian 
vessel  were  associated  with  Iroquoian  potsherds.  Representa- 
tions of  the  human  face  and  even  the  whole  body  are  not  infre- 
quent on  Iroquois  vessels  and  pipes. 

Clay  pipes  were  extensively  used  by  the  Lenape.  They  were 
never  so  elaborate  nor  decorated  with  life  forms  as  were  those 
of  the  Iroquois,  but  were  smaller  and  ornamented  with  very 
delicate  distinctive  designs  quite  similar  to  those  on  the  kettles. 
Some  were  straight  tubes,  often  scarcely  expanding  to  form  the 
bowl.  Others  had  a  small  bowl  turned  up  at  right  angles,  to 
the  stem,  and  others  again  were  trumpet-shaped.  A  few  of 
the  latter  had  a  swollen  bowl  with  a  flaring  rim,  resembling  a 
flower  to  a  certain  extent.  Eccentrically  shaped  pipes,  with  thin, 
flat,  broad  stems,  and  large,  cylindrical  swollen  bowls,  are  found. 
In  these  the  bowl  usually  juts  off  from  the  stem  at  an  angle  of 
45  degrees.  In  nearly  all  cases  the  bowl  is  the  only  part  of  the 
pipe  that  is  ornamented.  A  few  pipes  have  a  swollen  mouth- 
piece, evidently  to  facilitate  grasping  it  between  the  teeth. 

Very  few  objects  of  clay  other  than  the  pipes  and  vessels  above 
described  are  found  in  New  Jersey.  A  notable  exception  is  a 
splendid  pottery  head,  collected  by  Dr.  Abbott  from  the  vicinity 
of  Burlington  on  Rancocas  Creek.    This  most  excellent  example 


28  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

of  Lenape  art  is  figured  and  described  at  length  in  his  "Ten 
Years'  Diggings  in  Lenape  Land",  p.  29.  Dr.  Abbott  quotes 
a  friend  who  is  inclined  to  think  it  modeled  by  an  Indian  artist 
who  drew  his  idea  from  a  meeting  with  an  oriental  or  an  Eskimo. 
I  cannot  agree  with  him,  and  believe  that  the  Asiatic  appearance 
of  the  face  is  more  fancied  than  real,  and  is  due  to  the  limita- 
tions of  the  maker's  skill  and  material. 

Bone  Imple mei  1  ts. 

Articles  made  of  bone  and  antler  are  much  more  common  in 
New  Jersey  than  is  generally  supposed,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  average  local  collector  draws  most  of  his  material  from 
surface  finds  in  ploughed  fields,  and  seldom  resorts  to  excavation. 
Of  course,  only  the  most  imperishable  objects  of  the  Indians' 
hoard,  the  stone  and  clay  utensils  and  weapons,  are  preserved 
under  such  conditions,  and  for  the  bone  and  antler  specimens  it 
is  necessary  to  seek  in  the  preserving  soil. 

Awls  are  usually  made  of  slivers  of  bone  merely  ground  to  a 
sharp  point  at  one  end.  Often,  however,  they  are  large  and 
elegantly  finished,  and,  when  found  under  favorable  circum- 
stances, show  a  high  polish  acquired  by  use.  They  were  doubt- 
less used  to  sew  buckskin,  just  as  our  shoemakers  use  metallic 
awls  to-day,  but,  as  they  are  frequently  found  along  with  oyster 
shells,  split  and  charred  bones,  and  all  the  debris  of  a  feast,  it 
may  be  that  they  sometimes  saw  service  as  forks  for  pulling 
scalding  morsels  from  the  kettle.  One  awl  was  collected  from 
a  shell  pit  in  a  field  near  Fairton,  Cumberland  County,  which 
was  notched  at  the  base,  perhaps  for  suspension. 

Bone  needles  are  sometimes  found.  These  were  usually  manu- 
factured from  the  thin,  flat,  curving  ribs  of  some  animal,  dully 
pointed,  at  one  end,  only,  and  with  a  perforation  or  "eye"  in 
the  middle.  The  Algonkin  Indians  living  in  the  middle  west 
still  use  a  very  similar  needle  for  sewing  bullrushes  together 
to  make  the  mats  with  which  they  cover  their  wigwams. 

Besides  these  needles,  scrapers,  made  from  the  leg  bones  of 
deer,  split  lengthwise  and  used  like  a  primitive  draw  shave  to 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  29 

remove  the  hair  from  deer  skins  during  the  tanning-  process,  are 
not  uncommon.  We  have  not  yet  heard  of  any  bone  fishhooks 
from  New  Jersey. 

Arrow  points  were  made  from  bits  of  bone  fashioned  into 
long,  triangular  shape,  or  from  the  pointed,  sharp-edged  fish 
plates  of  bone.  No  doubt  the  Delaware  also  used  the  tip  of  the 
tail  of  the  horseshoe  or  "king"  crab,  and  the  claws  of  birds  and 
animals  for  arrow-heads,  but  none  have  been  reported.  Cups 
made  of  shell  of  the  box  tortoise  are  found,  but,  although  we 
have  records  of  hoes  with  bone  blades,  no  doubt  the  scapulae 
of  large  mammals,  none  have  been  reported  within  our  area. 
In  a  grave  at  Tottenville,  on  Staten  Island,  New  York,  an  im- 
plement of  bone  resembling  a  hoe  or  scraper,  has  been  found. 
We  know  of  but  one  of  the  hollow,  cylindrical,  tubular  bone  beads 
so  abundant  in  western  New  York,  and  harpoons  of  bone  have 
not  been  reported. 

In  antler  we  have  a  pin  with  a  round  head  from,  Staten  Island ; 
cylinders,  probably  used  in  flaking  out  arrow  points  by  pres- 
sure (see  p.  25),  and  tines  hollowed  and  sharpened  for  use 
as  conical- arrow  points.  This  seems  to  be  all  that  we  have  in 
the  way  of  bone  and  antler  utensils,  a  meager  showing  as  com- 
pared with  the  finds  in  western  New  York. 

Articles  of  Shell. 

Shell  articles  are  very  rare  in  New  Jersey.  We  might  expect 
to  find  wampum  beads,  since  they  were  extensively  manufactured 
by  our  Indians,  yet  few,  if  any,  have  ever  come  to  light.  This 
is  true  of  all  New  England  and  the  Middle  Atlantic  Coastal 
region.  No  doubt  all  the  wampum  (cylindrical  beads  of  blue 
or  white  shell,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length  and  about  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  thick)  was  traded  inland.  Some  shell  beads  of  recent 
type,  representing  animals,  fish,  etc.,  have  been  found  in  an  his- 
toric Indian  cemetery  at  Trenton. 

Metallic  Articles. 

Metal  implements  are  exceedingly  scarce  throughout  the  State. 
Four  native  copper  articles,  two  of  which  are  now  in  the  Pea- 


3 

30  ARCH^OLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

body  Museum  at  Cambridge,  are  reported  by  Dr.  Abbott  from  q? 
"Trenton.     These  are  three  spears  or  knives  and  a  celt.     They 
•'  >jwere  perhaps  made  from  copper  mined  within  our  boundaries,  or, 

possibly  from  one  of  the  drift  boulders  of  this  material  that 

ometimes  occur. 


i 

J  d     All  the  old  deeds  signed  by  Indians  contain  a  multitude  of    * m 
]£  Preferences  to  metallic  articles   received  in  exchange   for  their  ' 


■i$T 


eir  historic  towns  in  western  New  York. 


LENAPE  IMPLEMENTS  COMPARED  TO  OTHER  TYPES. 


The  material  culture  of  the  Lenape  Indians,  as  shown  by  their 
archaeology,  presents  a  number  of  strong  contrasts  with  that 
of  their  neighbors,  and  possesses  an  individuality  which  in  many 
instances  sets  it  off  as  distinctive.  Although  the  Lenape  may 
have  been,  when  they  first  entered  the  country,  "skilled  in  many 
crafts,  yet  not  preeminent  in  any,"  as  Dr.  Abbott  says,  it  is 
certain  that  their  remains,  as  we  know  them,  show  that  they 
were  indeed  past  masters  in  the  art  of  shaping  stone  by  every 
primitive  process.  The  abundance,  variety,  and  workmanship 
of  Lenapian  stone  implements  by  far  exceeds  that  of  the  Iroquois. 

The  grooved  stone  ax  in  many  varieties,  the  long  stone  pestle 
the  delicately  fashioned  and  handsomely  polished  monitor  pipe, 
the  banner  stone,  the  double-holed  gorget,  and  the  remarkably 
made  stone  heads  of  the  Delaware  country  were  rare  or  unknown 


£^m hooks,   guns,   knives,   beads,   wampum,   and   a   thousand   other 

.:    .     things  were  given  the  Indians  by  the  whites,  yet  how  rarely  do     , 
!  j-4  'we  find  an  iron  trade  ax,  a  brass  arrow  point,  or  a  glass  bead.    *J 
I  -f  rjOn  Burlington  Island,  it  is  true,  Dr.  Abbott  excavated  the  site 
\~4  Jof  an  old  trading  post,  and  there  found  many  things  of  this   *\ 
^  *  nature,  but  on  the  sites  of  the  Indian  villages  these  things  are 
V^re  indeed.     I  cannot  explain  it.     All  trade  articles  used  by  -4 
^the  Iroquois  are  found  in  great  profusion  on  all  the  sites  of  jl 


TYPES  OF  INDIAN  REMAINS.  31 

to  the  Iroquois,1  as  were  the  innumerable  forms,  often  highly 
artistic,  of  chipped-stone  weapons  and  tools. 

The  stone  pipes  of  the  Iroquois,  at  their  best,  probably  surpass 
most  articles  of  Lenape  manufacture,  but,  taken  all  in  all,  the 
Delaware  as  much  exceed  the  Iroquois  in  stone  work  as  they 
fall  behind  them  in  the  potter's  art.  The  clay  vessels  of  the 
Lenape  were  good.  In  form  they  resemble,  as  a  rule,  the  typical, 
nearly  conical  vessels  of  the  Coastal  Algonkin.  In  decoration 
they  are  distinctive,  for  the  Lenape  employed  many  not  inartistic 
incised  combinations,  particularly  of  the  "chevron"  and  "herring 
bone  types",  which  we  have  not  seen  duplicated  outside  their 
territory,  and  which  may  have  been  influenced  by  the  art  of 
their  neighbors  further  to  the  south.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
remarkably  graceful  outlines  of  the  Iroquois  vessels  are  wanting. 
So  far  as  shape  is  concerned,  the  typical  Lenape  jars  are  monot- 
onous, except  in  specimens  from  later  sites,  situated  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  area,  where  Iroquois  influence  had  crept  in, 
and  where  Iroquois  styles  had  been  adopted  in  whole  or  part. 
In  like  manner  the  simple  trumpet,  angular,  and  tubular  clay 
pipes  of  the  Lenape  cannot  be  compared  in  abundance,  number 
of  forms,  or  finish,  to  those  of  the  Iroquois,  but  their  decoration 
consists  of  delicate  incised  tracery  found  in  no  other  region. 

In  bone,  antler,  and  shell,  the  story  is  the  same.  Just  as  the 
Lenape  surpass  their  Algonkin  neighbors  in  New  England  in 
regard  to  the  abundance  and  elegance  of  these  products,  they 
fall  equally  short  of  their  Iroqucian  foes.  The  bone  awl, 
arrow  point,  cylinder,  tortoise  shell  cup,  and  a  few  other 
implements  make  a  good  showing  perhaps  as  against  the  rela- 
tively fewer  remains  of  this  nature  from  New  England,  but  sink 
to  insignificance  before  the  splendid  array  of  Iroquois  artifacts, 
bone  and  antler  combs,  harpoons,  dolls,  gorgets,  wedges,  fish- 
hooks, awls,  needles,  cylinders,  tubes,  spoons,  and  what  not. 
Then  too,  the  tremendous  abundance  of  shell  articles,  especially 


1  While  objects  of  this  nature  are  occasionally  found  on  the  surface  in  the 
Iroquois  country,  we  have  no  record  of  the  finding  of  any  of  them  during  the 
systematic  excavation  of  the  older  true  Iroquoian  sites  by  trained  archaeolo- 
gists. On  later  sites  which  mark  the  villages  where  Algonkin  or  other 
captives  were  kept  and  adopted  en  masse,  we  may,  however,  expect  to  find 
them. 


32  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

on  later  Iroquois  sites,  has  no  Lenapian  analogy.  The  New 
England  area  has  a  greater  relative  number  of  pendants.,  gouges, 
adzes,  semilunar  knives,  and  perhaps,  long  stone  pestles,  but  all 
these  things  are  found,  though  sparingly,  or  even  rarely  in  some 
instances,  in  Lenape  territory,  along  with  the  multitude  of  com- 
mon types.  On  the  whole,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Lenape  had 
few  original  forms  in  stone,  but  that  they  perfected  the  art  of 
making  the  types  they  knew  to  a  degree  beyond  most  of  their 
neighbors. 

Nevertheless,  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  the  Delaware  did 
have  some  types  that  are  unique.  Take  for  example  the  large 
stone  heads,  a  number  of  which  have  been  found  in  various 
places  in  New  Jersey,  on  Staten  Island,  and  in  Lenape  territory, 
or  the  territory  of  their  near  ethnic  and  linguistic  relatives  on  the 
Upper  Hudson.  These  heads  were  no  doubt  the  outgrowth  of 
certain  religious  concepts,  common  to  the  Delaware  and  their 
closest  relations,  which  are  recorded  by  Brainard  and  other  early 
authors  and  are  still  in  vogue  among  the  surviving  Lenape 
in  Canada  and  Oklahoma,1  where  examples,  representing  the 
faces  of  mythological  characters  carved  in  wood  are  still  to  be 
found.  Some  of  these  ideas  are,  indeed,  similar  to  those  of  the 
Iroquois,  yet  Iroquois  religion  and  mythology  seems  to  have 
found  no  corresponding  outlet  of  art  in  stone  of  this  precise 
nature.  A  single  example  of  a  head  in  clay,  possibly  of  this  type 
but  smaller,  is  present  in  Dr.  Abbott's  so-called  "American 
Sphinx,"  a  pottery  head  found  on  the  Assiscunk  Creek  at  or 
near  Burlington,  which  is  equal  to  many  Iroquoian  specimens.2 
Unlike  any  of  the  stone  heads  known  to  me,  it  shows  the  enor- 
mous ear  ornaments  described  by  Heckewelder  and  other  early 
writers  as  used  by  the  Delaware  and  Shawnee  for  the  reception 
of  which  the  lobes  of  the  ears  were  slit  and  fearfully  distended. 
If  the  face  resembles  that  of  an  oriental,  as  Dr.  Abbott  thinks, 
we  must  look  rather  to  the  limitations  of  the  maker's  art  and 
material  than  to  any  preconceived  idea  on  his  part  due  to  contact, 
as  Mr.  Evarts  Tracy  is  pleased  to  fancy.3 


1  See  M.  R.  Harrington,  "Vestiges  of  Material  Culture  among  the  Canadian 
Delawares,"  p.  416.  (American  Anthropologist,  Vol.  10,  1908.) 

2  Abbott,  C.  C,  "Ten  Years'  Diggings  in  Lenape  Land,"  p.  29. 

3  Ibid. 


TYPES  OF  .INDIAN  REMAINS.  33 

For  the  handicraft  of  the  modern  expatriated  Lenape,  now  in 
Canada  and  Oklahoma,  our  two  chief  sources  of  information  are 
the  collections  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in 
New  York,  and  the  Museum  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  Philadelphia.  The  collection  in  the  American  Museum  repre- 
sents the  Munsee  band,  now  in  Canada,  and  the  specimens  in 
Philadelphia  are  largely  from  the  Unami  of  Oklahoma.  Both 
collections  were  made  by  Mr.  M.  R.  Harrington  of  the  Phila- 
delphia institution,  who  is  preparing  a  monograph  on  the  Lenape, 
the  fruits  of  several  years'  detailed  study  of  the  tribe.  A  few 
scattered  specimens  may  be  in  the  hands  of  individuals  from 
whence  it  is  to  be  hoped  they,  like  the  various  archaeological 
specimens,  will  find  their  way  into  some  permanent  museum  to 
be  carefully  preserved  for  the  benefit  of  the  people  at  large,  and 
as  a  memorial  of  those  "long  ago  people,"  our  predecessors,  the 
Lenape  Indians  of  New  Jersey. 


3   GEOt, 


34  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

CHAPTER  II. 
Indian  Camp  Sites  and  Rock  Shelters  in  Northern  New  Jersey. 


By  MAX  SCHRABISCH. 


POPULATION. 

In  the  following  paper  mention  is  made  of  370  aboriginal  camp 
sites,  villages  and  rock  shelters  in  northern  New  Jersey  and  the 
enumeration  is  probably  far  from  complete,  being  full  in  some 
parts  and  scanty  in  others. 

The  aborigines  whom  the  whites  found  in  undisputed  posses- 
sion of  the  present  State  of  New  Jersey  belonged  to  the  Algonkin 
stock.  By  reason  of  their  laying  claim  to  an  ancestry  more 
remote  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  Indian  tribes  they  proudly 
called  themselves  Lenni  Lenape,  i.  e.,  original  people.  In  view 
of  the  large  number  of  aboriginal  camp  sites  and  villages  to  be 
found  in  northern  New  Jersey,  one  may  be  tempted  to  imagine 
that  this  territory  was  once  peopled  by  large  numbers  of  the 
Lenape.  This,  however,  does  not  appear  ever  to  have  been  the 
case.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  historian  Smith,  flourishing  about 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  estimated  the  total  number 
of  Indians  then  living  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey  to  have  been 
less  than  ten  thousand.1  If,  then,  the  hypothesis  of  a  thickly 
inhabited  country  falls  to  the  ground,  we  may  still  satisfactorily 
account  for  the  frequency  of  sites  and  of  prehistoric  remains  by 
remembering,  first,  that  the  Indian  was  of  a  roving  disposition, 
shifting  his  abode  at  frequent  intervals  within  his  allotted  and 
narowly  circumscribed  hunting-grounds;  and,  second,  that  his 
occupation  of  the  area  in  question  extended,  no  doubt,  through 
untold  centuries,  nay,  many  thousands  of  years.  Accepting  the 
latter  theory  as  correct,  the  well-nigh  astounding  ubiquity  of 
ancient  remains  does  not  seem  in  the  least  surprising,  the  sparse- 
ness  of  the  Indian  population  notwithstanding. 


1  Some  well-informed  persons  regard  this  number  as  probably  considerably 
too  large.    H.  B.  K. 


CAMP  SITES  AND  ROCK  SHELTERS.  35 

GENERAL   CHARACTER   OE   SITES. 

in  looking  for  a  suitable  place  to  pitch  his  tent  the  redskin 
would  naturally  enough  select  a  spot  close  to  some  water,  be  it 
river,  brook,  spring,  lake  or  swamp.  The  site  thus  chosen  had  to 
be  high  and  dry,  that  is,  free  from  inundation,  more  or  less  level, 
and  if  possible  well  sheltered  from  north  winds.  Forks  of  brooks 
and  rivers  were  usually  looked  upon  with  favor  provided  the  lay 
of  the  land  and,  above  all,  the  opportunities  for  hunting  were 
such  as' to  promise  an  easy  sustenance.  Shallow  lakes  and  bays 
were  preferred  to  deep  water  as  affording  the  best  fishing 
grounds,  and  the  fords  and  rifts  of  rivers  were  chosen  for  the 
same  reason.  However,  it  is  in  the  river  valleys  that  the  evi- 
dences of  ancient  settlements  are  most  abundant,  for  the  rivers 
were  the  natural  avenues  of  communication,  particularly  at  a 
time  when  the  country  was  covered  with  an  almost  unbroken 
expanse  of  nearly  impenetrable  forest.  In  any  event  due  regard 
was  had  to  the  soil.  Highland  or  lowland,  our  aborigines  always 
shunned  a  stiff  clay  when  possible,  and  chose  a  sandy  or  gravelly 
loam.     This  was  the  common  rule  even  in  temporary  camps. 

FAVORED    DISTRICTS. 

Some  sections  in  northern  New  Jersey  are  remarkable  beyond 
all  the  others  for  the  exceptionally  large  number  of  sites  and 
the  profusion  of  remains  marking  these  scenes  of  prehistoric 
activity.  And,  to  be  sure,  in  considering  the  distribution  of 
aboriginal  sites  in  northern  New  Jersey,  thus  far  explored  and 
mapped,  it  is  at  once  obvious  that  the  various  river  valleys  offer 
the  most  fertile  field  for  archaeological  research.  Foremost 
among  these  valleys  is  that  of  Delaware  River.  Of  lesser  im- 
portance, both  in  point  of  sites  and  remains,  must  be  regarded 
the  valleys  of  Pompton,  Passaic,  Saddle  and  Hackensack  Rivers. 

Delaware  Valley. — As  already  stated,  the  Delaware  River 
valley  appears  to  have  been  the  headquarters  of  the  Lenni 
Lenape  by  reason  of  the  many  advantages  offered  by  a  water 
course  of  such  dimensions.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  its 
banks  were  dotted  by  an  almost  unbroken  succession  of  camp 


36  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

sites  and  villages,  and  nowhere  in  the  State  are  the  remains  of 
their  industry  more  plentiful  or  more  diversified.  In  addition,  it 
would  seem  that  the  implements  found  here  are  superior  in 
workmanship  to  those  of  any  other  region  within  the  State  and, 
moreover,  there  is  no  lack  of  artifacts  hereabouts  that  are  ex- 
ceedingly rare  elsewhere,  such  as  banner  stones  and  pipes.  Thus, 
it  is  certain  that  within  the  area  watered  by  Delaware  River 
the  culture  of  the  Lenni  Lenape  had  attained  a  high  point  of 
perfection. 

Pompton  Valley. — This  is  another  important  section  asso- 
ciated with  Indian  lore  and  the  reminders  of  that  vanished  race. 
At  its  northern  end  it  is  watered  by  the  Wanaque,  Pequannock 
and  Ramapo  Rivers,  which  unite  below  Pompton  forming  Pomp- 
ton  River  and  joining  Passaic  River  at  Two  Bridges.  A  thor- 
ough search  of  this  region  has  revealed  the  presence  of  numerous 
camp  sites  and  villages,  showing  that  it  was  much  frequented  by 
the  red  huntsman.  The  largest  village  site  in  this  valley  is 
situated  at  Pompton  Plains,  and  if  we  are  to  judge  by  the  num- 
ber and  variety  of  the  implements  recovered  at  this  spot  it  must 
have  been  the  headquarters  of  the  Pompton  Valley  aborigines. 
Lying  about  1,000  yards  from  the  foot  of  the  hills  bounding 
the  plains  on  the  west  and  Ij4  miles  from  the  banks  of  the 
Pompton  River,  this  locality  afforded  indeed  an  ideal  camping 
ground,  sheltered,  as  it  was,  fromi  north  and  west  winds  and 
with  plenty  of  water  conveniently  near  furnished  by  a  brook 
and  a  swamp.  Under  these  circumstances  this  site  is  found  to 
be  replete  with  many  indications  of  prolonged  occupation. 
Other  village  sites  within  this  territory  are  at  Pequannock, 
Wayne  and  Mountain  View,  all  of  them  flanking  the  banks  of 
Pompton  River.  That  a  well-trodden  trail  connected  all  these 
settlements,  beginning  at  the  Great  Notch,  a  gap  in  the  first 
Watchung  Mountain,  and  passing  through  the  Pompton  Valley 
northward  to  Greenwood  Lake,  may  therefore  be  taken  for 
granted.  At  Pompton  several  other  paths  met,  the  most  im- 
portant being  the  Suffern  trail,  which  ran  along  the  base  of  the 
Ramapo  Mountains,  and  the  Butler  trail  passing  in  a  westerly 
direction  to  Lake  Hopatcong. 


CAMP  SITES  AND  ROOK  SHELTERS.  37 

Passaic  Valley. — Many  a  fishing  place  and  camip  site  lined  this 
once  beautiful  stream  and  the  country  through  which  it  flows 
supported  at  one  time  a  comparatively  dense  Indian  population, 
for  the  river  abounded  in  fish  and  the  forest  in  game.  That  this 
region  was  the  scene  of  busy  life  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  an  important  trail,  the  Wagaraw  trail,  traversed  it  on  the 
Bergen  County  side  of  the  river,  connecting  with  the  Gome  and 
Totowa  trails  at  the  northernmost  point  and  bend  of  the  river. 
The  former  ran  north  to  Sicomac  and  Franklin  Eake,  the  latter 
in  a  southwesterly  direction  to  Totowa  and  thence  to  Singac, 
closely  following  the  meanderings  of  Passaic  River.  Again, 
there  are  many  indications  of  primitive  workshops  along  its 
banks  and  here  the  surface  soil  is  even  now  littered  with  raw 
material  and  flakes.  Flint,  quartz  and  jasper  were  the  materials 
most  highly  prized  and  they  were  almost  exclusively  employed 
by  the  later  or  so-called  modern  Indians.  Many  facts  apparently 
indicate  that  further  back  in  time,  argillite  was  mainly  made 
use  of,  and  this  period  has  been  designated  as  that  of  the  argillite 
Indians.  In  still  more  remote  ages  primitive  man  rudely  chipped 
his  material  and  the  products  of  his  industry  are  called  paleolithic, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  more  recent  ones,  which  are  known 
as  neolithic. 

Aside  from  the  remains  of  aboriginal  origin  left  on  the  banks 
of  Passaic  River  there  are  other  evidences  of  the  Indian's 
activity,  such  as  fords  and  weirs  crossing  the  river  at  various 
points  and  plainly  discernible  to  this  day,  especially  at  low  water- 
mark. Between  Passaic  Park  and  Two  Bridges,  a  distance  of 
about  20  miles,  no  less  than  sixteen  fords  or  weirs  may  be  dis- 
tinguished, namely,  one  each  at  Passaic  Park,  Garfield,  Clifton 
and  Broadway  bridge  (Paterson),  six  more  up  the  river  to  the 
Falls,  four  between  Totowa  and  Singac,  and  two  opposite  Two 
Bridges.  A  peculiar  feature  of  all  these  fords  is  that  the  rocks 
used  in  their  construction  are  not  laid  across  the  river  in  a 
straight  line,  but  are  arranged  so  as  to  form  midstream  an  angle, 
with  the  apex  pointing  downstream.1 

*The  fact  that  many  similar  rock  fords  and  weirs  have  been  constructed 
by  white  men  must  not  be  overlooked.  The  mere  occurrence  of  V-shaped 
lines  of  rocks  in  streams  cannot  be  regarded  as  proof  of  Indian  workmanship 
without  some  independent  evidence  which  shall  differentiate  them  from  those 
of  the  white  man. — H.  B    K. 


38  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

A  particularly  good  section  within  the  Passaic  Valley  is  that 
level  tract  of  land,  which  lies  6  males  west  of  Paterson,  with 
the  village  of  Fairfield  as  its  centre.  This  section  is  well 
sheltered  to  the  north  and  west  by  Towaco  or  Hook  Moun- 
tain, a  range  of  hills  consisting  of  two  arms,  each  about  5  miles 
long  and  forming  a  right  angle,  the  apex  of  which  is  at  Towaco. 
Passaic  River  flowing  along  the  southern  and  eastern  base  of 
this  ridge  and  parallel  to  it  also  forms  a  right  angle,  thus  like- 
wise enveloping  this  section  on  two  sides,  viz.,  north  and  west. 
Within  it  there  are  many  small  swamps  alternating  with  knolls 
high  enough  to  be  exempt  from  inundations  in  times  of  freshets. 
All  these  knolls  bear  witness  to  ancient  occupation  as  evidenced 
by  the  numerous  traces  of  primitive  art.  It  was  a  stretch  of 
land  peculiarly  suited  to  the  tastes  of  the  Redman.  With  wits 
sharpened  by  the  iron  laws  of  necessity  he  was  always  partial 
to  places  of  this  kind;  hence,  the  remains  of  his  industry  re- 
minding the  white  intruder  at  every  turn  of  his  erstwhile  pres- 
ence. The  most  important  settlement  of  the  Indians  of  the  Fair- 
field  region  lay  in  the  very  corner  of  Hook  Mountain  on  high 
land,  called  Tom's  Point.  Like  a  promontory  it  projects  far  out 
into  the  marshy  lands,  its  southernmost  point  almost  reaching 
Passaic  River.  The  principal  pre-historic  highway  hereabouts 
was  the  Caldwell-Fairfield-Mountain  View  trail.  West  of  it 
another  trail  skirted  along  the  eastern  base  of  Hook  Mountain 
between  Pine  Brook  and  Towaco,  and  also  around  the  Great 
Piece  Meadows  in  an  easterly  direction  to  Singac. 

Saddle  River  Valley. — The  banks  flanking  this  easterly  tribu- 
tary of  Passaic  River  tell  an  eloquent  tale  of  ancient  occupation. 
Again,  the  lay  of  the  land  justifies  us  in  assuming  that  a  trail 
wound  along  the  western  bank  of  this  picturesque  water  course, 
beginning  at  Garfield  and  running  thence  in  a- northerly  direction 
to  Paramus  and  points  beyond.  While  along  this  trail  there  are 
many  traces  of  archaeological  significance,  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river  is  likewise  dotted  with  aboriginal  sites. 

Hackensack  River  Valley. — This  section  is  likewise  remarkable 
for  the  large  number  of  ancient  sites  occupying  the  banks  of 
the  river  and  those  of  its  tributaries.     As,  however,  only  a  few 


CAMP  SITES  AND  ROCK  SHELTERS.  39 

of  these  have  thus  far  been  determined  and  explored,  no  definite 
statements  can  as  yet  be  made. 


ROCK    SHELTERS. 

AJpart  from  building  his  hut  in  the  open,  so  to  speak,  by  the 
banks  of  rivers,  brooks,  lakes  or  swamps,  the  Indian  would, 
whenever  possible,  dispense  with  the  work  of  providing  an  arti- 
ficial shelter  by  availing  himself  of  natural  shelters,  that  is,  rock 
formations  affording  more  or  less  protection  from  the  rigors  of 
the  climate.  In  this  sense,  then,  he  partook  of  the  habits  of  the 
troglodyte  or  cave-dweller.  As  a  matter  of  course,  places  of 
this  description  occur  in  mountainous  districts  only,  in  rough 
and  broken  country,  where  there  are  shelving  rocks  or  over- 
hanging ledges,  which,  if  necessary,  may  easily  be  improved  and 
made  more  habitable  by  leaning  poles  against  the  sides  of  the 
rocks  and  covering  them  with  bark  or  skins.  It  is  only  within 
recent  years  that  these  rock  shelters  have  attracted  any  atten- 
tion, nay,  their  existence  in  these  parts  had,  until  a  short  time 
ago,  hardly  been  suspected.  Twenty  of  these  natural  shelters 
have  thus  far  been  discovered  and  investigated,  all  of  them 
situated  amid  the  foothills  and  mountains  of  northern  New 
Jersey,  and  distributed  as  follows :  Three  on  the  east  bank  of 
Delaware  River  in  Warren  County,  two  of  them  being  at  the 
foot  of  Pahaquarry  Mountain,  near  Delaware  Water  Gap,  the 
other  at  the  foot  of  Scott's  Mountain  and  3  miles  south  of  Belvi- 
dere.  In  Passaic  County,  there  are  one  at  the  foot  of  Kanouse 
Mountain,  three  in  Upper  Preakness,  one  on  the  slope  of  Federal 
Hill  and  three  on  Garret  Mountain.  In  Morris  County  they 
are  found  one  at  the  foot  of  Rock  Peon  Mountain  (Bear  Rock)T 
three  on  the  hills  west  of  Pompton  Plains,  two  in  the  corner 
formed  by  Towaco  (Hook)  Mountain.  In  Bergen  County  two 
occur  in  Ramapo  Mountain  and  one  east  of  Saddle  River. 

An  essential  requisite  of  prospective  occupancy  was  water 
sufficiently  near  to  suit  the  comfort-loving  Indian.  To  be  sure, 
all  the  shelters  once  occupied  and  hitherto  examined  were  fav- 
ored in  this  respect.  When  this  condition  was  not  fulfilled,  the 
Indian  would  not  use  it,  no  matter  what  its  other  advantages 


4o  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

might  have  been.  And,  indeed,  the  writer  knows  many  a  fine 
rock  house,  large  and  comfortable,  facing  southward  and  afford- 
ing ample  protection  against  the  elements,  which  was  spurned 
and  severely  left  alone  obviously  for  no  other  reason  than  that 
water  was  too  far  away. 

While  most  of  these  rocks  served  only  as  temporary  dwelling 
places,  as  a  sort  of  headquarters  used  before  and  after  the  chase 
to  rest  and  feast  on  the  spoils,  some  of  the  more  accessible  ones, 
t.  e.,  those  not  lying  high  up  amid  the  mountains  but  at  the 
foot  of  them,  were  more  permanently  occupied.  While  the 
former  saw  probably  only  male  sojourners,  the  latter  would 
harbor  entire  families,  that  is,  husband,  squaw  and  papoose. 

The  culture  layers  covering  the  floor  of  these  rocks  and  repre- 
senting the  accumulated  debris  of  ages  have  in  every  case  been 
found  undisturbed,  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that  important  infer- 
ences as  to  a  succession  of  culture  horizons  may  be  made.  Since 
we  meet  here  with  the  original  conditions,  that  is,  with  such 
as  existed  at  the  time  of  the  Indian's  final  departure,  these  rock 
shelters  are  quite  unique  and  therefore  exceptionally  favorable 
to  research  along  certain  lines.  As  stated  above,  some  of  them 
lie  far  away  from  the  beaten  track  and  the  camping  grounds 
in  the  valleys  below  and  to  reach  them:  required  considerable 
physical  stamina,  more  so  at  the  time  when  the  country  was  a 
vast  wilderness.  In  these  no  traces  of  pottery  were  found  owing 
to  the  difficulties  of  transportation;  but  wherever  the  debris 
contained  fragments  of  pottery,  these  fragments  lay  invariably 
in  the  upper  layers,  a  fact  tending  to  prove  that  pottery  was  of 
comparatively  late  introduction. 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  41 

CHAPTER  III. 
List  of  Sites,  with  Notes,  Southern  New  Jersey. 


By  ALANSON  SKINNER. 


GEOGRAPHIC   DISTRIBUTION. 

A  glance  at  the  map  of  the  Indian  sites  in  south  New  Jersey,  as 
far  as  reported,  shows  that  they  fall  naturally  into  a  number  of 
groups,  which  are: 

I.  The  New  York  and  Raritan  Bay  group.  This  includes 
the  remains  on  Staten  Island  and  up  South  River. 
There  must  be  more  sites  upon  the  Raritan  and  its 
affluents  than  have  been  reported. 
II.  The  Atlantic  Coast  group.  This  includes  the  sites  found 
along  the  coast  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Cape  May.  It  is 
evident  that  the  Atlantic  side  of  New  Jersey  was 
sparsely  inhabited  by  the  Indians, 

III.  The  I^ower  Delaware  Valley  group.     This  includes  the 

great  Unalachtigo  headquarters  on   Cohansey  Creek, 
and  the  settlements  in  Salem  County. 

IV.  The  Middle  Delaware  Valley  group.    This  centers  in  the 

cluster  of  sites  at  the  Unami  headquarters  at  Trenton 

and  runs  down  below  Camden.     The  inhabitants  of 

this  region  were  closely  related  to  those  of  the  New 

York  and  Raritan  Bay  group,  who  were  also  Unami 

Delaware. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  interior  is  practically  devoid  of 

sites,  except  on  the  headwaters  of  the  more  important  creeks 

and  rivers.     This  lends  support  to  the  tradition  that  the  sandy 

interior  of  South  Jersey  was  more  of  a  hunting  ground  than 

anything  else. 

The  readers  of  this  report  must  remember  that  it  represents 
but  the  work  of  a  preliminary  survey  of  two  months'  duration, 
and  therefore,  while  much  has  been  accomplished,  the  work  is  in 


42  ARCHAEOLOGICAL,  SURVEY. 

no  way  complete,  and  the  conclusions  arrived  at  are  in  no  case 
final. 

GROUP  I,  NEW  YORK  AND  RARITAN  BAY. 

Constable  Hook. — There  is  a  village  site  with  shell  pits  on  the 
sand  hills  behind  the  Standard  Oil  Works  on  Constable  Hook. 
The  shell  pits  in  this  instance  might  more  properly  be  styled 
mounds,  since  the  surrounding  sand  has  largely  been  blown  or 
dug  away,  leaving  them  standing  above  the  present  surface.  The 
writer  has  found  a  club  head,  arrow  points,  potsherds,  net  sinkers, 
sturgeon  plates  and  fish  and  mammal  bones  in  and  near  these 
pits.     (26-23-8-8  and  9.)  2 

Greenville. — The  writer  has  seen  some  potsherds  daubed  over 
with  red  paint,  probably  ochre,  that  were  said  to  have  been  col- 
lected on  a  site  on  the  point  at  Greenville.     (26-23-5-2-7.) 

Constable  Hook. — A  camp  site  on  Constable  Hook  was  located 
and  reported  by  Mr.  Leslie  Spier.     (26-23-7-1-9.) 

Bayonne. — Camp  sites  occur  on  or  near  the  shore  of  Newark 
Bay  in  Bayonne,  near  the  foot  of  25th  street,  along  the  Central 
Railroad,  and  at  the  tip  o'f  Bergen  Point.  (26-23-4-7-9;  26-22- 
9-6-2 ;  6-7. ) 

Carteret. — The  writer  once  owned  a  grooved  ax  from  Carteret, 
and  other  objects  have  been  reported  from  there.     (26-32-4-5-8.) 

Elizabethport. — In  grading  streets  in  Elizabethport,  near  the 
shore,  relics  are  said  to  have  been  found,  but  the  exact  locality  is 
unknown. 

Perth  Amboy  — -Graves  and  shell  heaps  were  found  by  con- 
tractors in  grading  streets  in  Perth  Amboy.     There  are  arrow 

1  The  system  of  numbering  followed  is  that  described  in  the  Administrative 
Report  of  the  State  Geologist  of  New  Jersey  for  191 1,  Bulletin  6.  pp.  13-15. 
Persons  having  the  published  topographical  maps  of  the  Survey,  Nos.  21-37, 
can  locate  on  them  the  exact  sites  by  applying  these  numbers  as  there  de- 
scribed. In  brief,  the  system  is  as  follows :  The  first  number  refers  to  the 
topographical  atlas  sheet;  the  second  number  to  the  major  subdivisions  of  this 
sheet,  each  6  minutes  of  latitude  and  6  minutes  of  longitude,  the  numbers 
commencing  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner  of  the  sheet,  the  first  tier  being 
i  to  5,  the  second  n  to  15,  the  third  21  to  25,  etc.;  the  third  number  refers  to 
one  of  the  nine  2-minute  rectangles  making  up  the  6-minute  subdivisions,  the 
numbers  commencing  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner ;  the  fourth  number  refers 
to  one  of  the  9  equal  subdivisions  of  the  2-minute  rectangles ;  each  of  these 
subdivisions  is  still  further  divided  into  9  parts  similarly  numbered,  to  which 
the  last  number  refers. 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  43 

points  and  other  implements  in  the  collection  of  the  Staten  Island 
Association  of  Arts  and  Sciences  that  were  found  in  fields  along 
the  shores  of  Raritan  River.  Heckewelder  tells  of  an  old  Data- 
ware Indian  whom  he  met  in  Western  Pennsylvania  or  Ohio  in 
the  early  days  of  the  nineteenth  century  who  remembered  catch- 
ing rabbits  to  sell  to  the  workmen  employed  in  building  Perth 
Amboy. 

Staten  Island. — Although  not  occurring  within  the  political 
boundaries  of  New  Jersey,  the  following  sites  on  Staten  Island, 
New  York,  are  so  obviously  within  the  geographical  limits  of  the 
survey  that  the  writer  has  included  them.  They  are  valuable  to 
us  from;  an  archaeological  standpoint  in  that  they  are  remains 
of  the  same  people  with  whom  we  have  been  working  in  New 
Jersey,  and  the  absence  of  any  number  of  Indian  sites  on  the 
Jersey  shore  of  the  Staten  Island  Sound  or  Kill  van  Kull  is  due 
to  the  more  favorable  aspect  of  the  Staten  Island  side  of  the 
narrow  stream. 

The  Raritan,  Hackensack  and  Tappan  divisions  of  the  Lenni 
Lenape,  or  Delaware  Indians,  were  the  original  owners  of  Staten 
Island,  and  their  presence  is  still  well  attested  by  many  and  rich 
sites.  * 

Pelton's  Cove. — There  was  formerly  an  Indian  village  site  and 
cemetery  at  Pelton's  Cove  which  is  now  obliterated.     (26-23-7- 

8-3-) 

West  New  Brighton. — The  cemetery  situated  on  the  grounds 
of  Ascension  Church,  West  New  Brighton,  occupies  the  site  of  a 
still  older  graveyard  of  the  aborigines.  Relics  are  still  found 
occasionally  when  graves  are  being  dug  or  improvements  made. 
(26-23-7-8-4.) 

Mariner's  Harbor. — At  Mariner's  Harbor  and  westward  along 
the  shore  to  Howland  Hook  the  early  non-obliterated  traces  of  a 
series  of  ancient  Indian  villages  and  camp  sites  may  yet  be  seen. 
The  writer  and  others  have  collected  many  hundreds  of  imple- 
ments of  stone,  clay,  bone  and  antler  on  these  sites.  (26-22-8-8 
and  9  and  9-7 ).2 

1  For  a  detailed  description  see  Alanson  Skinner,  "The  Lenape  Indians  of 
Staten  Island."  (Anthropological  Papers  of  the  American  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History,  pp.  4-17,  Vol.  3.) 

a  For  a  detailed  account  see  Anthropological  Papers  of  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  3,  pp.  5-8. 


44  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Old  Place  Neck. — There  is  a  large  village  site  at  Old  Place 
Neck.  Near  the  point  are  many  traces  of  former  lodge  sites  and 
refuse  pits.  A  burial  ground  is  reported  and  relics  are  abundant. 
Camp  sites  are  to  be  found  far  back  toward  South  Avenue.  (26- 
32-2-2  and  3. ) 

Watchogue. — At  Watchogue  camps  and  relics  are  scattered 
over  the  sand  dunes.  The  writer  has  found  a  few  trade  articles, 
such  as  brass  arrow  points,  here.     (26-32-3-4,  5.) 

Chelsea. — There  is  a  big  camp  site  at  Chelsea  on  the  north  side 
of  Prall's  Creek.     (26-32-2-7-3.) 

Linoleumville. — Village  sites,  shell  heaps  and  scattered  relics 
are  found  over  a  wide  area  at  Linoleumville,  on  Long  Neck. 
(26-32-5-1,  4,  2.) 

Long  Neck. — South  of  Long  Neck,  close  to  Fresh  Kills,  there 
is  a  little  camp  on  the  meadow  island.     (26-32-5-5-5.) 

Lake's  Meadow  Island. — On  Lake's  Meadow  Island  south  of 
Fresh  Kills  there  is  a  village  site.  This  place  was  once  visited  by 
Henry  D.  Thoreau,  who  found  arrow  points  there.  (26-32-5- 
7-i.) 

Lake's  Island. — Opposite  Lake's  Island  a  small  camp  site 
occurs  on  the  mainland.     (26-32-5-7-8.) 

Rossville. — A  shell  heap  and  village  site  occur  at  Rossville  near 
the  post  office  and  in  the  vicinity,  wherever  there  are  sandy  knolls 
remains  are  found.     (26-32-7-5-4.) 

Woodrow. — At'Woodrow  a  village  site  and  obliterated  ceme- 
tery have  been  identified.     (26-32-7-8-3.) 

Rossville  to  Tottenville. — Continuous  camps  occur  along  the 
shore  from  Rossville  to  Tottenville  with  scattered  relics  in  nearly 
every  field. 

Tottenville. — A  burial  ground,  immense  shell  beds,  camps, 
villages,  and  scattered  relics  cover  a  wide  area  at  Tottenville. 
This  is  the  most  important  single  site  in  a  wide  area.1 

Mt.  Loretto. — Small  shell  heaps  occur  along  the  shore  near 
Mt.  Loretto  (26-42-1-8-7),  also  at  Wolfs  Pond  (26-42-2-4-6), 
Seguines  Pond  (26-42-3-1-7)  and  Great  Kills  (26-33-7-5-5). 
Scattered  relics  are  found  in  many  nearby  fields. 

1  See  Anthropological  Papers  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
Vol.  3,  pp.  11-16. 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  45 

Arrochar. — There  are  scattered  relics  and  camp  sites  at 
Arrochar. 

Silver  Lake. — Camp  sites  occur  at  the  northwest  and  south- 
west ends  of  Silver  Lake  (26-33-2-1-2;  1-4)  and  scattered  relics 
on  Pavilion  and  Wards  Hills,  Tompkinsville.     (26-23-8-8-8,  9.) 

Valley  Lake. — Camp  on  Nannyberry  Hill  near  Valley  Lake. 
(26-33-1-6-2.) 

There  are  other  sites  on  Staten  Island,  but  the  foregoing  list 
gives  the  most  important  ones. 

Near  South  Amboy. — At  Morgan  along  the  bluff  on  the  north 
bank  of  Cheesequake  Creek  there  was  formerly  an  immense 
shell  heap,  village  site,  and  burial  ground,  which  is  now  largely 
destroyed  by  grading  for  the  railroad.  A  number  of  skeletons 
were  dug  out  by  the  steam  shovel,  and  refuse  pits  and  fireplaces 
were  exposed  in  some  numbers.  It  is  reported  that  relics  were 
found  with  skeletons  in  a  cemetery  nearby.  This  is  unusual  in 
New  Jersey,  as  the  only  other  finds  of  like  nature  that  are  so 
far  reported  were  made  at  Chestnut  Neck,  near  Columbia,  and 
in  the  Indian  cemetery  at  Burial  Ridge,  Tottenville,  Staten 
Island,  nearly  opposite  and  in  plain  sight  from  Morgan. 
(28-1-3-1-1,  5.) 

Morgan. — Large  heaps  of  shell  are  visible  along  both  sides 
of  the  road  to  Keyport  on  the  opposite  side  of  Cheesequake 
Creek  from  Morgan.  They  contain  few  relics  and  do  not  seem 
to  extend  to  the  bluff  overlooking  Raritan  Bay.     (29-1-3-2-8.) 

Camp  sites  and  scattered  relics  are  also  reported  from  other 
points  in  the  neighborhood  of  Cheesequake,  but  their  exact  loca- 
tion is  unknown. 

Marquis  Creek. — There  is  a  small  shell  heap  on  the  bank  along 
Marquis  Creek  (29-1-3-6-4),  a  camp  site  on  the  high  point 
east  of  the  creek  (29-1-3-6-5),  and  two  small  camp  sites  close 
together  near  the  bay  (29-1-3-6-3).  At  the  latter  oyster  shells 
and  flint  chips  abound. 

Cliff  wood. — A  small  camp  site  with  flint  chips  and  shells  lies 
north  of  Cliffwood  near  Whale  Creek  (29-2-1-4-9).  On  the 
bluff  above  Matawan  Creek  opposite  Keyport  there  is  a  large 
heap  of  shells  containing  few  relics  (29-2-1-9-1).     It  is  apppar- 


46  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

ently  a  place  where  the  Indians  dried  shell  fish,  but  had  no 
permanent  settlement. 

Keyport. — Shell  heap  at  Keyport  near  Conaskonck  Point, 
described  by  Charles  Ran.1  Many  implements  have  been  found 
here,  including  some  clay  beads,  a  type  of  relic  not  reported 
from  any  other  New  Jersey  site,  and  of  which  the  writer  has  no 
knowledge  except  as  occurring  on  the  Iroquois  site  at  Hochelaga, 
Montreal.  Possibly  Mr.  Rau  erred  in  the  identification  of  some 
broken  pottery  pipestems  which  are  not  rare  on  such  sites. 
(29-2-2-5-9  and  6-7)  -7-5.) 

Sayreville. — There  is  a  village  site  among  the  sand  dunes 
along  South  River  near  the  Sayreville  clay  pits.  Fireplaces 
marked  by  burned  earth  and  heat-cracked  stones  are  abundant. 
Over  the  surface  are  strewn  countless  flint  chips  and  potsherds, 
while  arrow  points  and  other  implements  are  not  rare.  Quan- 
tities of  small  burnt  pebbles  still  lying  in  heaps  seem 
to  indicate  the  .location  of  ancient  sweat  baths.   (28-5-1-4-8.) 

South  River  and  Old  Bridge. — The  following  sites  lie  north 
of  Old  Bridge  on  the  east  side  of  South  River  beginning  at  the 
north  near  the  Raritan  River  Railroad.  The  exact  location  of 
each  is  indicated  by  the  numbers. 

An  old,  nearly  obliterated  village  site  where  potsherds,  arrow 
points,  and  the  like,  are  still  to  be  found.  In  a  sand  pit  near  the 
river  the  writer  has  found  an  excellent  celt  and  some  finely 
decorated  pottery  fragments   (28-5-1-5-7). 

Camp  sites  near  the  second  brook  south  of  the  railroad  were 
noted.  Flint  chips  and  arrow  heads  were  abundant.  (28-5-1- 
8-1.) 

A  village  site  with  some  nearly  obliterated  fireplaces  and  shell 
pits.  In  the  latter  the  writer  has  found  European  glazed  pottery, 
glass,  and  nails,  mingled  with  flint  chips,  Indian  potsherds,  and 
other  aboriginal  traces.     (28-5-1-8-4.) 

A  small  village  site,  nearly  obliterated.  Here  the  writer  has 
obtained  some  interesting  specimens  including  a  notched  ax. 
(28-5-4-2-1.) 


1  Annual  Report  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  1884  in  a  paper  entitled 
"Artificial  Shell  Deposits  in  New  Jersey,"  pp.  370-374. 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  47 

Second  small  site  nearly  connected  with  preceding,  much 
debris,  such  as  flint  chips,  from  arrow!  making.     (28-5-4-2-2.) 

Large  village  site.  Arrow  points,  chips,  pottery.    (28-5-4-2-5.) 

Scattered  relics  are  found  between  all  the  sites  in  this  vicinity. 

Large  much-used  site  i1/*  miles  northeast  of  Old  Bridge,  now 
destroyed  by  the  railroad,  except  on  the  edges  (28-5-4-2-9). 
A   small   village   site   occurs   a   little   southwest     of   this   point 

{28-5-4-5-3). 

Runyon  Pond. — There  is  a  large  village  site  beside  Runyon 
Pond.  Arrow  points,  pottery,  a  pestle,  axes,  and  other  relics 
have  been  collected  hereabouts.  Men  employed  in  digging 
artesian  wells  for  the  waterworks  have  informed  the  writer 
that  skeletons  were  exhumed  during  this  work  many  years  ago. 
(28-5-4-3-6.) 

Old  Bridge. — A  village  site  with  scattered  shells  and  relics 
occupies  the  east  bank  of  the  river.     (28-5-4-4-6.) 

Deep  Run. — Near  Deep  Run,  east  of  Old  Bridge,  a  large  area 
among  the  sand  hills  shows  indications  of  former  habitation, 
but  only  a  few  relics  have  been  noted.     (28-5-4-5-8.) 

Iresick  Brook. — Many  camps  and  scattered  relics  occur  along 
Iresick  Brook,  south  of  Old  Bridge. 

Few  if  any  of  the  Sayreville,  Runyon,  or  Old  Bridge  group 
of  sites  will  repay  excavation.  The  shifting  t>f  the  sand  in  the 
wind  has  uncovered  most  of  their  treasures  to  the  gaze  of  the 
passerby  with  the  inevitable  result  that  very  little  has  been  left. 
The  sites  themselves  are  slowly  becoming  obliterated. 

Matchaponix. — Mr.  Wm.  T.  Davis  of  Staten  Island  reports 
a  village  site  near  Matchaponix.     (28-14-3-6-7.) 

Jamesburg. — Mr.  Davis  also  reports  a  camp  site  on  the  shore 
of  the  lake  at  Jamesburg.  Doubtless  other  sites  are  abundant 
along  Manalapan  Brook.     (28-14-2-4-7.) 

Matawan. — Mr.  Waldron  de  Witt  Miller  of  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York,  has  located  and 
reported  a  camp  site  in  "Thirteen  Oak  Forest,"  4  miles  south- 
west of  Matawan.  (29-1-8-4-7.) 
x/  Oceanic. — Mr.  Leslie  Spier  reports  a  camp  site  an  acre  in 
extent  on  the  bank  of  a  small  brook  east  of  Oceanic,  at  which 
shells  are  fairly  abundant.     (29-4-7-9-2.) 


48  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

GROUP   II,   ATLANTIC  COAST   SITES. 

Belmar. — Mr  Wm.  S.  Yard,  of  Trenton,  obtained  many  im- 
plements through  workmen  who  found  them  in  grading  Belmar 
streets  in  what  is  now  an  obliterated  village  site.  Among  the 
specimens  is  a  polished  grooved  ax  said  to  weigh  twelve  pounds. 

Manasquan. — Mr.  C.  E.  Seage  reports  that  scattered  specimens 
have  been  found  on  the  point  of  land  at  Brielle  and  Manasquan 
(29-33-6-5,  8).  Scattered  relics  are  found  on  the  points  of  land 
between  Manasquan  and  the  ocean  front. 

Point  Pleasant. — Mr.  Seage  reports  that  implements  have  been 
found  in  the  borough  of  Point  Pleasant,  but  exact  locations  are 
not  given,  0K#  -."Ped^*  iv,  f\\>  w  c»*  -fcM  vi  #^U  -  u. 

Mantoloking(?). — '"In  the  extreme  upper  end  of  Barnegat 
Bay,  and  on  the  west  side,  is  a  piece  of  land,  a  sandy  spit,  pro- 
jecting into  the  bay,  known  to  many  people  in  the  neighborhood 
as  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  camp,  and  where  a  great  deal  of 
pottery,  etc.,  has  been  found.  *  *  *  The  spot  referred  to 
is  said  to  have  been  a  camp  for  Indians  when  they  went  to  the 
shore  for  fish  and  oysters."  Reported  by  Mr.  Wm,  J.  Lovell, 
of  Moorestown,  N.  J.     (29-43-3-7-2  ?) 

Burrsville. — Two  miles  east  of  Burrs ville,  a  sand  hill  on  the 
Metedeconk  River  is  called  "The  Indian  Stage,"  and  is  so  re- 
ferred to  in  the  old  deeds  and  records.  Here  is  the  site  of  an 
Indian  village  where  A.  C.  B.  Havens,  of  Toms  River,  has  found 
relics.     (29-43-1-3-7.) 

In  the  Orchard  Field  between  Burrsville  and  WardeFs  Neck 
is  a  very  much  used  Indian  village  site.  Mortars  and  other  fine 
specimens  have  been  found.     ( 29-43- 1-1-1.) 

Beaver  Dam  Creek. — A  very  interesting  causeway  of  logs  is 
situated  on  the  Indian  trail  that  ran  parallel  to  the  coast  from 
north  to  south.  It  is  on  the  south  fork  of  the  south  branch  of 
Beaver  Dam  Creek,  and  is  a  raised  pathway  of  logs  which 
was  certainly  not  made  by  the  settlers.  There  are  said  to  be 
similar  causeways  on  the  same  trail  further  to  the  south. 

Pumpkin  Point. — On  Pumpkin  Point,  Toms  River,  and  nearly 
on  what  is  now  the  property  of  John  P.  Haines,  Indian  relics 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  49 

were  formerly  found  during  spring*  ploughing.     (33-2-4-6,  and 

4-4.) 

Island  Heights. — At  Island  Heights,  a  village  site  and  ceme- 
tery were  found  in  grading  streets.  These  are  now  destroyed. 
(33-2-6-8-1,  2.) 

Ocean  Grove. — There  are  camps  on  the  Grant  farm  at  Ocean 
Grove.   (33-2-5"9^6-) 

Toms  River. — Traditional  Indian  burial  ground  on  main 
branch  of  Toms  River  where  an  old  mill  road  crosses  near 
the  bridge.     Nothing  now  to  be  seen,  however.     (33-2-1-4-3.) 

Mosquito  Creek. — There  is  a  camp  on  the  knoll  at  the  mouth 
of  Mosquito  Creek. 

On  David  G.  Clayton's  farm,  3  miles  northeast  of  Toms  River, 
there  is  said  to  be  a  large  camp  site,  with  circles  of  dark  earth 
about  30  or  40  feet  in  diameter.  This  is  thought  by  the  residents 
to  have  been  an  old  dancing  ground. 

Pine  Beach. — Shell  heaps  on  the  point  near  the  hotel  at  Pine 
Beach,  southeast  of  Island  Heights. 

Barnegat. — There  are  two  small  shell  heaps  at  Barnegat  on 
a  point  running  out  towards  the  salt  meadow.  On  visiting 
them  the  writer  found  potsherds,  chips,  and  a  very  small  pitted 
hammerstone.     (33-22-4-6-7.) 

There  is  a  small  shell  heap  on  a  point  near  the  brook  below 
Barnegat  (33-22-9-9-5)  and  a  smaller  shell  heap  100  feet  from 
the  last  (33-22-9-9-1).  A  large  shell  heap,  apparently  very 
thick,  extends  all  over  the  point.  In  the  sandy  fields  nearby 
potsherds  are  fairly  common.  There  is  another  smaller  heap 
at  hand  (33-22-9-9-5).  A  very  small  shell  deposit  is  bisected 
by  the  road  (33-22-9-9^2).  A  shell  heap,  apparently  large  and 
thick,  seems  to  cover  a  small  rise  in  the  meadow,  but  mosquitoes 
and  vegetation  rendered  careful  examination  impossible  (33-22- 
9-9-7).  Mr.  Clarence  Woodmansie,  of  Barnegat,  reports  a 
shell  heap  on  the  point  between  Waretown  and  Barnegat  (33-22- 

2-7-8). 

Ostrom. — A  very  small  shell  heap  lies  on  the  upland  near  the 
edge  of  the  meadow  on  Forked  River  at  Ostrom.     The  writer 

4  GEOIv 


50  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

was  unable  to  determine  absolutely  whether  it  is  Indian,  though 
the  locality  makes  such  an  origin  highly  probable.      (33-12-8- 

1-8.) 

Forked  River. — There  is  a  shell  heap  on  Forked  River  near  the 
salt  meadow.  The  exact  locality  was  not  given  when  this  site 
was  reported. 

Waretown. — A  camp  site  is  reported  in  the  woods  northeast 
of  Waretown.     (33-22-2-1-3.) 

Waretown  Creek. — There  is  a  shell  heap  on  the  edge  of  the 
meadow  just  south  of  Waretown  Creek.     (33-22-2-2-4.) 

Mayetta  Station. — Near  Mayetta  station  the  railroad  cut  ex- 
poses a  very  small  shell  bed.     (33-31-2-9-4.) 

West  Creek. — In  the  town  of  West  Creek  there  was  a  village 
on  Cox's  farm.  A  dug-out  canoe  was  found,  and  a  skeleton 
with  implements  exhumed.      (33-31-4-9-7.) 

The  following  item  appeared  recently  in  the  "New  Jersey 
Courier" : 

"The  first  road  from  Toms  River  to  Lakehurst,"  said  Mr. 
Irons,  "was  the  'old  Indian  trail',  from  Toms  River  to  the  Dela- 
ware River.  The  road  to  Lakehurst  followed  this  trail  to  the 
'New  Furnace,  the  trail  running  up  the  east  side  of  Toms  River 
to  that  place.  New  Furnace  was  built  by  Samuel  G.  Wright 
somewhere  about  1800,  and  was  two  miles  northeast  of  Federal 
Furnace,  afterwards  Manchester,  and  now  Lakehurst."  As  near 
as  Mr.  Irons  could  recall  the  straight  road  to  Manchester  via 
Wright  Bridge  must  have  been  built  about  1830. 

"Naturally,  the  talk  of  the  Indian  Trail  recalled  the  fact  that 
over  on  the  northeast  of  the  village  on  the  Manasquan  road,  is 
Indian  Hill.  Mr.  Irons  said  that  he  had  been  told  as  a  boy  that 
it  was  named  that  because  Indian  Will,  a  straggler  from  the 
tribe,  lived  there  under  the  hill  for  a  long  time.  The  Indian's  hut 
stood,  as  he  had  been  told,  just  under  the  hill  on  the  place  where 
the  father  of  B.  F.  Pierce  afterward  lived." 

We  are  also  indebted  to  the  editor  of  the  "Courier"  for  the  fol- 
lowing : 

"While  working  on  the  new  road  to  the  Long  Beach  Turn- 
pike Company's  bridge,  at  the  Manahawkin  end,  the  workmen 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  51 

unearthed  two  skulls,  supposed  to  be  Indian.  The  peculiar 
feature  of  the  discovery  was  that  the  skulls  were  complete, 
lower  jaw  and  all.  The  skulls  were  found  buried  about  three 
feet  deep  in  what  is  known  as  Boat  House  Knoll  at  Company 
Landing*.  They  were  taken  by  William  Bennett,  who  still  has 
them  in  charge." 

Another  correspondent  writes  that  there  were  four  skeletons 
in  all  unearthed  while  plowing  up  the  new  road,  and  that  "the 
heads  were  the  most  perfect  part,  all  the  teeth  being  in  the  jaws 
on  several." 

Tuckerton. — There  is,  on  the  property  of  the  Jillson  brothers 
of  Tuckerton,  a  shell  heap  and  a  burial  ground  in  which  were 
found  thirty-two  skeletons.  Eighteen  of  these  were  buried  in 
one  trench.  The  position  of  the  bones  was  such  as  to  lead  the 
discoverers  to  believe  the  Indians  to  have  been  the  victims  of  a 
massacre  or  pestilence.  One  woman  had  a  child  laid  across  her 
breast,  another  skeleton  lay  over  the  bones  of  a  woman  flung 
beneath  it,  and  the  remains  of  a  child  lay  between  her  knees. 
Many  of  the  bones  showed  breaks  or  other  injuries.  The  only 
relics  were  a  small  trumpet-shaped  clay  pipe,  with  incised  decora- 
tion on  the  bowl,  which  lay  close  to  a  skull  as  though  it  had 
been  thrust  in  the  owner's  hair,  and  a  stone  pendant  or  single- 
holed  gorget  that  lay  on  an  infant's  breast.      (32-44-4-4-8.) 

There  is  an  imlmense  shell  heap  on  the  salt  meadow  at  Tucker- 
ton, visible  for  miles,  as  it  stands  above  the  surrounding  level 
and  is  covered  with  trees.  The  late  Dr.  Frank  Hamilton  Crush- 
ing of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  visited  this  mound,  and  made 
some  preliminary  investigations,  finding  traces  of  a  pile  village 
in  the  salt  meadows  close  by.  His  death  interrupted  his  work, 
which  has  never  been  completed.      (32-45-1-8-9.) 

There    is    a    cemetery    in    Tuckerton    on    the    Sapp    Farm. 

(32-35-7-9-8- ) 

Wells  Island. — There  are  shell  heaps  on  Wells  and  Osborne 
Islands,  and  scattered  implements.      (32-44-6-4,5.) 

Chestnut  Neck. — A  large  village  site  and  cemetery  on  Chest- 
nut Neck  opposite  New  Gretna.  Messrs.  Jillson  of  Tuck- 
erton have  partially  explored  the  burial  ground,  finding  seven 


52  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

skeletons,  most  of  which  had  buried  with  them  a  quantity  of 
arrow  points  and  raw  material  (jasper)  for  their  manufacture. 
With  one  was  found  a  fine  large  monitor  pipe  of  steatite. 
(32-44-3-7-7,  8.) 

Pleasantville. — Pleasantville  now  occupies  an  old  Indian  vil- 
lage site,  relics  have  been  found  all  about,  especially  some  fine 
banner  stones.  There  are  said  to  be  shell  heaps  along  Dowdy's 
Creek  behind  Atlantic  City.  (36- 13-5- 1-9.) 
y  Smith's  Landing. — There  is  a  large  shell  heap  at  Smith's  Land- 
ing on  the  shore  near  Pleasantville,  located  by  Leslie  Spier. 
(3<>i3-5-4-6,  9  and  5-4.) 
S  Mt.  Pleasant. — A  camp  site  at  Mt.  Pleasant  an  acre  in  extent. 
It  is  located  at  the  source  of  a  branch  of  Absecon  Creek.  Arrow 
points  were  reported  from  this  site.  Located  by  Leslie  Spier. 
(36-13-5-2-2.) 

heed's  Point. — Scattered  shells  on  Leed's  Point  indicate  Indian 
occupation.     Reported  by  Leslie  Spier.     (36-4-5-1-6.) 

Port  Republic. — Spier  reports  indications  of  occupation  all 
along  Nacote  Creek,  and  a  shell  heap  east  of  Port  Republic. 
Axes  and  arrow  points  are  said  to  be  fairly  abundant.  The 
absence  of  potsherds  on  this  and  all  other  sites  reported  by 
Spier  is  notable?"  He  concurs  with  the  writer  in  believing  that 
most  of  the  east-coast  sites  were  temporary  fishing  stations. 

(36-3-3-50 

West  Cape  May. — A  site  is  reported  at  West  Cape  May  by 
Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott.  Here  were  found  a  number  of  objects,  in- 
cluding a  bead  beaten  from  a  nugget  of  native  gold.     (27-1 1-3- 

Holly  Beach. — At  Holly  Beach  there  was  a  site,  now  obliter- 
ated, where  many  relics  were  gathered.     (37-2-9-5-2.) 

Dennisville. — There  was  a  large  Indian  village  where  Dennis- 
ville  now  stands.  Several  caches  of  implements  are  reported,  and 
there  are  said  to  be  shell  heaps  all  along  Dennis  Creek  at  the 
bends.     (37-34-6- 1  -6. ) 

Tuckahoe. — Specimens  have  been  reported  from  Tuckahoe 
and  vicinity.  There  are  probably  shell  heaps  all  along  the  bends 
of  Tuckahoe  Creek.     (3 7-2 1-4- 1-6.) 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  53 

Flat  Creek. — There  is  a  shell  heap  on  Flat  Creek  near  Great 
Egg  Harbor.     ( 37-22-4-5-3. ) 

Great  Bgg  Harbor. — Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  Dr.  C.  C. 
Abbott  found  traces  of  prolonged  occupation  on  Great  Egg  Har- 
feor.  At  Somers  Point,  directly  opposite,  there  is  presumably 
much  more,  as  this  place  has  a  southern  exposure  and  more 
favorable  conditions  prevail.  It  was  too  heavily  forested  when 
last  visited  by  Dr.  Abbott  to  permit  any  observations,  (37-22-4- 
3  and  5-4.) 

Port  Elizabeth. — There  is  said  to  be  an  extended  settlement 
along  the  creek  at  and  near  Port  Elizabeth.  (37-23-1-3,  5,  6  and 
8.) 

Cape  May  Court  House. — Frank  Learning  of  Cape  May  Court 
House  has  a  conch  shell  cup  and  other  specimens  from  a  sand 
dune  in  the  woods  on  Coxalle  Creek  on  the  Delaware  Bay  side 
of  Cape  May.  He  says  there  are  very  few  sites  on  the  west 
shore.  This  site  is  near  Town  Bank  where  the  first  settlement 
in  Cape  May  County  was  made  in  1680  or  thereabouts.  (37-1- 
8-2-1.) 

There  is  a  group  of  sites,  probably  all  more  or  less  connected, 
around  the  headwaters  of  Crooked  Creek  at  Cape  May  Court 
House.  Shell  heaps,  village  and  camp  sites  are  all  apparent,  but 
were  hard  to  distinguish  when  visited  by  the  writer  because  of 
the  thick  vegetation.  Shells,  chips,  potsherds,  and  fire-cracked 
stones  abound.  The  writer  was  unable  to  locate  a  cemetery 
supposed  to  be  near  Cape  May  Court  House.  (35-44-6-3-7  and 
8;  5-2;  5-6;  5-7;  5-8.) 

At  Joe  Holmes'  place  there  are  three  or  four  shell  heaps  which 
local  authorities  think  represent  seats  of  the  wampum:  industry. 
There  is  some  reason  for  this  belief,  as  the  shells  are  broken 
into  small  angular  fragments  like  those  found  in  the  shell  heaps 
of  Long  Island,  New  York,  that  are  known  to  be  made  up  of 
wampum  refuse.  There  is  also  historical  evidence  in  favor  of 
this  hypothesis.     (35-45-4-1-4  and  7.) 

Nummys  Island. — On  Nummy's  Island  tradition  states  that 
the  last  chief  of  the  local  Indians  is  buried.  After  his  funeral 
the  Indians  are  said  to  have  left  for  Wabash  River.    I  have  never 


54  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

seen  an  Indian  burial  in  a  salt  meadow,   and  such  Nummy's 
Island  appears  to  be.     (37-3-1-7  and  4-1.) 

Avalon. — On  Ben  Godfrey's  place  on  the  road  to  Avalon  there 
is  a  large  site  from  which  Mr.  Frank  Learning  of  Cape  May 
Court  House,  has  specimens  and  pottery.  Mr.  Learning  con- 
siders this  the  best  site  he  has  seen  in  the  county.  (35-45-1-3-6.) 
All  the  shell  heaps  along  the  coast  are  characterized  by  a 
dearth  of  instruments,  at  least  on  the  surface.  A  few  tiny 
potsherds  and  chips  may  be  found.  Deer  bones,  charcoal,  and 
fire-cracked  stones  seem  from  a  superficial  examination  to  be 
almost  totally  wanting.  Local  tradition  everywhere  states  that 
the  main  Indian  settlements  were  along  the  valley  of  the  Dela- 
ware and  its  tributaries,  especially  on  the  New  Jersey  side,  and 
the  results  of  this  survey  seem  to  bear  out  this  story.  All  the 
river  sites  produce  enormous  quantities  of  implements  and  show 
signs  of  extensive  occupation.  The  coast  remains  are  chiefly 
camps  and  shell  heaps  with  few  relics.  There  are  no  doubt, 
many  more  sites  on  the  coast  as  yet  unreported. 

GROUP   III,   LOWER  DELAWARE  VALLEY. 

Manumuskin. — Opposite  Manumuskin  station  on  Manumus- 
kin  Creek,  the  railroad  cut  has  exposed  quantities  of  potsherds, 
chips,  shells  and  fire-cracked  stone  indicating  a  large  camp  or  a 
small  village.     (35-13-7-9-6.) 

Small  camps  on  Manumuskin  Creek  near  the  railroad  cut. 

(35-13-8-7-8.) 

Port  Norris. — Camp  ground  near  Port  Norris  just  west  of  the 
railroad  track;    scattered  relics  near  at  hand.     (35-22-9-7-1,  2, 

3-) 

Stone  axes,  arrow  points,  potsherds,  etc.,  are  found  on  the 
points  southwest  of  Port  Norris  post  office.     (35-22-9-7.) 

Leesburg. — Scattered  relics  reported  at  Leesburg.  (35-23- 
7-2.) 

Cohansey  Creek  and  Vicinity. — Along  Cohansey  Creek,  in 
Cumberland  County,  there  is  a  nearly  continuous  string  of  sites 
of  all  kinds  for  about  20  miles,  mostly  on  the  south  side  of  the 
stream.     The  group  probably  represents  the  headquarters  of  the 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  55 

Unalachtigo  band  of  the  Lenni  Lenape,  as  the  Trenton  group 
represents  the  Unami,  and  the  Belvidere  sites  the  Munsee.  The 
writer  is  indebted  to  P.  K.  Reeves,  Edmund  Shimp  and  R.  W. 
Emerson,  of  Bridgeton,  for  information  and  assistance  in  visit- 
ing and  locating  these  remains. 

Cohansey  Creek  Sites. 

Harrow  Brook. — There  is  a  good  village  site  on  Harrow 
Brook  near  Deerfield  Street.     (34-4-3-6-9  and  9-2,  3.) 

*Beebe  Run. — Relics  north  of  Beebe  Run  (34-4-6-5-7)  and 
relics  also  occur  at  the  mouth  of  Beebe  Run  (34-4-6-7-3). 

Barrets  Run. — Camp  and  relics  on  Barrets  Run  near  Shiloh 
and  at  the  mouth  of  the  stream.     (34-4-8-4-8.) 

Cornell's  Run. — A  few  specimens  occur  in  the  woods  on  Cor- 
nell's Run.     (34-5-7-1.) 

Bridgeton. — On  Stone  Bridge  Run,  north  of  Bridgeton,  scat- 
tered relics  occur  (34-5-7-4,  etc.).  On  a  village  site  opposite 
Bridgeton,  R.  W.  Emerson  of  that  city  has  collected  three  stone 
mortars;  on  the  west  side  of  the  creek  as  far  as  Cedar  Grove 
there  are  scattered  relics  (34-4-9-9-5,  8).  Some  fine  specimens 
were  found  on  the  brook  above  Irving  St.  Station,  Bridgeton 
(34-5-79-4,  5.)  Also,  relics  are  found  on  a  nameless  run  east  of 
Bridgeton  (34-5-7-8  and  6). 

In  the  southern  outskirts  of  Bridgeton  is  an  old  site  where 
no  implements  except  large-stemmed  blades  of  argillite  are 
found.  Neither  pottery,  points  nor  hammerstones  have  been 
collected.  This  seems  to  have  been  a  spot  utilized  as  a  camping 
ground  by  the  argillite-using  predecessors  of  the  Lenape.  (34- 
1 5-1 -4-7.)  Five  hundred  yards  or  less  from  the  last-mentioned 
locality  is  a  site  from  which  many  triangular  points  of  quartzite 
have  been  gathered,  but  where  no  argillite  implements  occur. 
The  ground  is  black  from  debris  and  decayed  animal  matter  ac- 
cumulated during  long  occupation  (34-15-1-7-1). 

Scattered  relics  were  found  along  the  point  down  as  far  as 
Parvin  Branch  (34-1 5-1-7-4  and  5).  At  a  small  camp  on  Parvin 
Branch   potsherds   and   many   flint   argillite   and   jasper  points 


56  .        ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

occur  (34-15-17-8).  A  village  site  occurs  at  the  mouth  of  Par- 
vin  Branch  on  the  south  side  where  many  large  argillite  points, 
drills  and  axes  have  been  collected.  Relics  are  scattered  along 
the  south  side  of  the  branch  east  from  here.  At  34- 14- 1-8-4  a 
solitary  cache  of  60  large  yellow  jasper  bevelled  blades  was 
found  (34- 1 5- 1 -7-6  8).  At  the  foot  of  Doneghy  Street  there  is 
a  large  site.  Many  relics  have  been  collected  here,  several  fine 
pestles  among  them  (34-1 5-1-3,  6). 

Fairton. — A  village  site  in  the  woodland  near  Fairton  is  noted 
for  the  quantity  of  argillite  chips  and  specimens.  Scattered 
relics  connect  the  camps  which  are  to  be  found  on  all  the  knolls 
(34-15-4-4-3,  6  and  1-9).  At  Fairton  relics  are  scattered  along 
both  sides  of  Mill  Creek  and  its  tributary.  (34-15-4-5,  6,  8.) 
West  of  Fairton,  along  the  south  side  of  Cohansey  Creek,  is  a 
continuous  string  of  sites  from  which  thousands  of  implements 
have  been  obtained.  Potsherds,  chips  and  arrow  heads  innum- 
erable litter  the  surface.  All  types  of  specimens  occur,  perforated 
stones,  clay  pipes  (usually  fragmentary),  broken  and  perfect 
gorgets,  bannerstones,  arrow-shaft  smoothers,  grooved  axes, 
celts,  pieces  of  soapstone  vessels  and  other  things  are  abundant. 
(34-14-5-9-1,  2,  3  and  6-7-1,  2,  3,  and  -8-1,  2,  3,  and  9.) 

Tindells  Landing. — At  the  head  of  Back  Creek,  and  2  miles 
southwest  of  Tindells  Landing,  is  a  field  which  was  long  occu- 
pied by  the  Indians.  Here  is  an  exceedingly  rich  deposit  of 
black  earth  throughout  which  countless  deer  and  other  animal 
bones,  potsherds  and  other  debris  can  be  found.  Edmund 
Shimp,  of  Bridgeton,  once  counted  80  or  more  shell  and  fire  pits 
exposed  by  a  spring  ploughing.  Mr.  Shimp  has  collected  three 
bone  awls  and  a  bone  arrow  point  (made  from  a  scale  of  Lepi- 
dosteus  ferox  of  the  Mississippi  River)  from  one  of  these  shell 
pits.  A  perfect  clay  pipe  in  his  collection  comes  from  a  field 
close  at  hand.  On  a  knoll  touching  the  site  skeletons  have  been 
disinterred,  and  to  the  east  the  sand  hills  show  prolonged  occu- 
pation. Flint  and  quartzite  chips  betray  the  presence  of  work- 
shop sites  and  potsherds  abound. 

On  August  4,  1 91 2,  the  writer  visited  this  site  under  the 
guidance  of  Messrs.  Shimp  and  Emerson.     Scratching  a  single 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  57 

hole  with  trowels  and  a  shingle  yielded  a  fine  notched  bone  awl, 
a  clay  pipestem,  dozens  of  fish,  bird  and  mammal  bones,  chips 
and  potsherds.  On  one  of  the  sand  dunes  to  the  eastward  most 
of  a  pottery  kettle,  cracked  in  Indian  times,  and  mended  by 
making  a  row  of  perforations  along  each  side  of  the  flaw  and 
lacing  the  break  together  with  a  thong,  was  found.  (34-14-8-3 
and  9-1.) 

Cohansey  Creek. — Scattered  relics  occur  along  Cohansey 
Creek  beyond  Green  Swamp  on  an  old  farm  and  as  far  down  as 
the  upland  runs  to  Back  Neck.  (34-1 4-4-7-1,  2,  5  ;  5-7,  8,  9,  and 
6;  6-7,  8  and  34-14-7.)  On  the  west  side  of  Cohansey  Creek 
enormous  quantities  of  specimens  have  been  gathered  all  the  way 
to  Dutch  Neck,  and  turning  the  bend,  on  as  far  as  Greenwich. 
(34-14-3,  4,  5  and  6.) 

Greenwich. — At  Greenwich  there  is  a  rich  site  on  the  west 
bank  of  Molly  Wheaton  Run.  Quartzite  chips  abound,  and  a 
quartzite  quarry  occurs  in  one  of  the  fields  by  the  side  of  the 
stream.  Two  grooved  stone  mauls,  one  made  of  quartzite,  the 
other  of  argillite,  were  found  here  by  Shimp  and  Emerson,  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  they  were  used  in  the  quarry. 
Scattered  relics  are  found  along  the  bank  as  far  as  the  spot 
where  the  run  enters  the  Cohansey.     (34-13-6-3.) 

Sheppards  Mills. — There  are  two  small  camps  on  Mounces 
Creek  near  Sheppards  Mills.     (34- 14- 1-8-8.) 

Othello. — A  small  but  rich  site  is  situated  at  Othello,  north  of 
Greenwich.  Jasper,  quartzite,  and  flint  implements,  many  frag- 
ments of  pottery  pipestems,  decorated  potsherds  and  numerous 
tiny  triangular  points  of  superb  workmanship  have  been 
gathered.     (34-13-3-5  an^  6.) 

Davis  Mills. — Scattered  remains  occur  around  Davis  Mills,  on 
the  shores  of  the  pond  and  stream.     (34-1 3-1  and  2.) 

Seventh  Day  Mills. — Small  camp  in  the  woods  near  Seventh 
Day  Mills,  Potsherds  and  arrow  points  (34-4-4-8).  Scattered 
remains  occur  near  pond  at  Seventh  Day  Mills.  (34-4-4-8-1 
and  2.) 

Mickles  Mills. — Scattered  remains  on  Sarah  Run  below 
Mick'les  Mill.      (3(4-3-5-6-3.) 


58  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Jericho. — Scattered  remains  occur  at  Jericho.     (34-3-5-9.) 

Long  Branch  Run. — Relics  occur  on  both  sides  of  Long 
Branch  Run.     (34-3-9-1.) 

Large  camp  opposite  34-3-7,  with  many  large  points  was  re- 
ported.    (34-3-7-3-1,  2,  3,  etc.) 

Stow  Neck. — Relics  occur  all  over  Stow  Neck  along  the  shores 
of  Stow  Creek. 

Cumberland  Causeway. — A  camping  ground  runs  from  the 
road  to  a  point  on  the  shore  of  the  pond  where  the  Cumberland 
Causeway  crosses.  Perhaps  this  was  a  battlefield,  as  triangular, 
so-called  "war  points"  are  found  in  great  quantities.  * 

Stozv  Creek. — At  Wood  Landing  on  Stow  Creek  there  is  a 
large  boulder  once  utilized  by  the  Indians  as  a  permanent  mortar. 
In  its  deep  cavity  a  bucket  of  water  can  be  held.  (34-3-7-6-7 
and  8.) 

Stow  Point. — A  burial  ground  on  Stow  Point  where  Mr. 
Shimp  has  found  skeletons  buried  at  depths  varying  from  a  few 
inches  to  5  feet  from  the  surface.  Many  relics  were  found  on 
the  surface,  but  one  only,  a  crude  ax,  was  obtained  in  a  grave. 

(34-i3"I-I-3>  6  and  2-!-) 

Maskall's  Mill. — Big  camp  or  village  all  around  the  pond  at 
Maskall's  Mill.     (34-3-4-3,  6  and  5-4.) 

Quinton. — There  is  a  large  village  site  at  Quinton  on  Alloway 
Creek.     (30-43-4-5.) 

A  village  site  is  opposite  Quinton  and  scattered  relics  along 
both  banks  of  the  Creek  to  Alloway.     (30-43-4-5.) 

The  "last  Indian"  in  this  region  was  buried  near  Alloway 
about  1820.  His  body  was  exhumed  recently  and  stone  imple- 
ments found  in  his  grave. 

Hancock's  Bridge. — There  is  a  village  at  Hancock's  Bridge 
on    Alloway    Creek    whence    Mr.    Shimp    has    fine    specimens. 

(34-2-3-7-4-) 

Village  all  along  the  upland  on  the  south  bank  of  Alloway 
Creek,  from  Hancock's  Bridge  to  the  road.     (34-2-2-9-8  and  6.) 

Allozvay  Creek. — Camp  on  a  knoll  near  Alloway  Creek. 
Relics  scattered  all  along  both  banks  of  the  creek.     (34-2-2-8-7. ) 

Salem. — Several    hatchets    were    pumped    out    of    the    creek 


**"  ""  Ov  Vte.Va.ys    ♦.  <Vv3\*^«^    ca-cVxe.  _ 


U.<^. 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  59 

bottom  at  Salem  when  dredging,  and  much  material  has  been 
reported  from  the  vicinity  of  Salem.     (30-42-2-8-3.) 

Lozver  Penn's  Neck. — There  is  a  village  on  Mr.  I.  O.  Acton's 
farm  on  Lower  Penn's  Neck.     (30-32-8-1-6.) 

Churchtozvn. — A  burial  occurs  north  of  Churchtown.  (30- 
32-1-9-2.) 

Mannington  Creek. — A  series  of  seven  burial  places  along 
Mannington  Creek  and  Swedes  Run  from  Salem  Creek  to 
Alloway  Junction.  (30-32-9-6-2;  9-2;  8-6;  30-33-7-5-7;  8-2; 
9-6;  30-43-2-1-3.) 

Welchtown. — Near  Welchtown  on  Mannington  Creek  is  a 
village  site.     (3<>33-7-9-7-) 

H arris onville. — A  camp  site  covering  about  2  acres  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Tigh  farm  on  Oldmans  Creek  immediately  south  of 
Harrisonville  station.  At  this  place  there  is  said  to  have  been 
a  boulder  hollowed  out  to  a  depth  of  9  inches  which  is  thought 
was  probably  used  as  a  cooking  utensil  but  was  more  probably 
a  stationary  mortar.  This  was  removed  several  years  ago.  (30- 
34-1-2-2.) 

Pedricktown. — Dr.  Abbott  reports  remains  at  Pedricktown  on 
Oldmans  Creek.     (30-23-4-3-6.) 

Mullica  Hill. — Mullica  Hill  village  on  Raccoon  Creek  occupies 
the  site  of  an  old  Indian  settlement.     (30^25-4-7-6.) 

Bridgeport. — Many  objects  are  reported  from  Bridgeport  by 
Dr.  Abbott'.     (30-13-9-8-7.) 

Szvedesboro. — About  one-quarter  of  a  mile  below  Swedesboro 
station  in  the  railroad  cut  is  a  layer  of  camp  refuse  1  foot  below 
the  present  surface.     (30^24-4-5-8.) 

Mr.  Acton  has  reported  a  series  of  five  burial  places  extending 
from  Bridgeport  to  Oldmans  Point  along  Delaware  River.  ( 30- 
23-1-7-1;  1-4-9;  2-i-4;  2-2-2;  3-9-7.) 

Gibbstozvn. — Scattered  remains  were  found  below  Gibbstown 
on  Repaupo  Creek.     (30^14-7.) 

Thompson's  Point. — A  burial  at  Thompson's  Point  (near  the 
site  of  the  Du  Pont  powder  works)  where  many  teeth  and  a  jaw 
bone  were  dug  up  is  reported  by  Dr.  George  Laws,  of  Pauls- 
boro.      (30-14-4-9-2.) 


6o  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Glassboro. — Implements  have  been  found  in  the  sand  pits  at 
Glassboro.     (3 1-2 1-9-8  and  3-3.) 
•"      Mt.  Royal. — A  number  of  finely  worked  and  polished  articles, 
including  a  bird  amulet,  a  monitor  pipe,  and  wampum  have  been 
found  at  Mt.  Royal  near  Clarksboro.'    (3015-7-6-9.) 

Mantua  Creek. — Scattered  relics  occur  all  along  Mantua  Creek. 
(3015-4  and  7.) 

Paulsboro. — Dr.  Abbott  reports  remains,  and  Mr.  I.  O.  Acton, 
a  village  site,  at  Paulsboro.  Specimens  are  found  on 
all  the  points  along  Timber  Creek  for  a  couple  of  miles  back 
from  the  river.     (30-14-9-3.) 

Paulsbwo. — Cache  of  small  jasper  leaf -shaped  blades  on 
Locke's  place,  iy2  miles  below  Paulsboro.     (30-14-9-1-8.) 

A  burial  is  reported  1  mile  north  of  Paulsboro  about  2  feet 
deep  and  covered  with  a  layer  of  broken  stone.     (30-14-6-9-3.) 

Mantua  Point. — At  Mantua  Point  a  pot,  16  inches  in  diameter 
at  the  mouth,  rough  argillite  celts,  and  knives,  banner  stones, 
and  great  numbers  of  flakes  and  rejects  were  found.  (30-15- 
4-4-4.) 

Billingsport. — Dr.  Abbott  reports  a  village  with  abundant  re- 
mains at  Billingsport.     (30-14-6-6.) 
/     Woodbury  Creek. — All  along  Woodbury  Creek  scattered  re- 
mains are  found.     (31-11-4  and  5.) 

Tradition  reports  that  the  Wood  family  burial  ground  near 
the  mouth  of  Woodbury  Creek  at  a  place  where  the  Indians 
interred  their  dead  before  white  men  came  into  this  region.  In 
September,  191 2,  there  was  no  sign  of  the  former  presence  of 
Indians  at  this  place.  However,  this  point  of  land  is  an  ideal 
one  for  such  a  purpose.  (31-11-1-8-9.) 
/  Red  Bank. — At  Red  Bank  is  a  camp  covering  a  considerable 
area.  Fire-cracked  stones,  flakes,  and  rejects  were  found  in 
abundance.     (31-11-1-8-9.) 

GROUP.    IV. MIDDLE    DELAWARE   VALLEY. 

Pensauken  Station. — Scattered  relics  on  south  branch  of  Pen- 
sauken  Creek,  due  east  of  Pensauken  Station.     (31-2-6-5-3.) 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  61 

Hellings  Hill. — Mr.  Chambers  reports  scattered  relics  on  the 
north  branch  of  Pensauken  Creek  from  Lenola  to  Hellings  Hill 
with  village  sites  at  the  Evesboro  road  and  at  Hellings  Hill. 

(31-3-8-3  and  31-4-7-4.) 

Fellowship — There  is  a  burial  near  Fellowship  on  the  south 
branch  of  Pensauken  Creek.     (31-3-4-9-4.) 
/        Moorestozvn. — At  Indian  Spring,  near  Moorestown,  are  scat- 
tered remains.     (31-3-2-7,  8,  9.) 

South  of  Moorestown  is  a  village  site.  Implements  of  all  kinds 
were  found  here  in  abundance,  showing  an  extended  occupation 
of  this  region.  Occurring  in  the  same  layer  and  mixed  with 
the  implements  usually  associated  with  the  historic  Indian  are 
many  crude  argillite  blades.  Harry  Chambers,  who  has  located 
and  reported  this  site,  has  several  rubbed  argillite  implements, 
heart-shaped,  with  short  stems.  A  number  of  steatite  pots  Were 
found  nearby.     (31-3-5-3-7O 

Riverton. — Scattered  relics  are  found  between  Riverton  and 
Palmyra. 

Mt.  Laurel. — All  about  Mt.  Laurel  are  signs  of  an  extensive 
camp  site.  Axes,  arrow  points,  wampum  (?),  and  pottery  are 
ploughed  up  here.  A  small  pot  of  Algonkin  type  about  6  inches 
in  height  and  6  inches  in  diameter  at  the  mouth  was  found  by 
Mr.  Chambers.     (31-4-4-7-9.) 

Brown  Station, — Camp  site  near  Brown  Station.  Axes,  arrow 
points,  etc.,  are  found  along  Haynes  Creek.  (31-5-4-4-7  and 
31-4-9.) 

Lumberton. — Scattered  relics  are  found  on  the  banks  of  Ran- 
cocas  Creek  at  and  near  Lumberton.     (31-4-6-3-1  and  2.) 
^         Centerton, — A  cache  near  Centerton,  reported  by  Mr.  Harry 
Chambers,  of  Moorestown,  contained  about  two  dozen  net  sinkers 
and  several  other  implements.     (31-4-1-2-2.) 

Mt.  Holly. — Scattered  implements,  etc.,  occur  at  Mt.  Holly 
and  along  Rancocas  Creek  and  its  south  branch.  Excellent 
trumpet-shaped  pottery  pipes  have  been  found  in  the  vicinity; 
one  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Wm.  Wright,  of  Mt.  Holly,  is 
decorated  with  representations  of  deer.     (31-4-2,  3.) 


62  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Wood  Lane. — Camp  site  at  Wood  Lane  on  headwaters  of 
Assiscunk  Creek.     (27-44-6-6-5.) 

Burlington. — There  is  a  large  village  site  at  Burlington  on 
Assiscunk  Creek.  (27-34-8-3.)  Abbott  obtained  a  collection 
from  this  spot,  including  the  remarkable  modeled  clay  head 
described  by  him  in  his  "Ten  Years'  Diggings  in  Lenape  Land." 
The  whole  of  Burlington  Island  is  a  large  Indian  village  site. 

Assiscunk  Creek. — Several  camp  sites  were  located  by  the 
writer  along  the  south  side  of  Assiscunk  Creek.  They  contained 
nothing  except  quartz  and  flint  chips,  fire-cracked  stones  and  a 
few  potsherds.  These  indications  probably  mark  the  location  of  a 
few  isolated  wigwams.     (27-34-8-9-4.) 

Rancocas  Creek. — Scattered  remains  occur  on  Rancocas  Creek 
opposite  Bridgeborough  and  at  Rancocas.  Great  quantities  of 
argillite  implements  are  reported  to  be  found  elsewhere  along 
the  banks  of  the  creek. 

Bordentown. — There  is  a  camp  or  village  1  mile  east  of  Bor- 
dentown  at  or  near  the  forks  of  the  brook  (28-31-3-4-9.)  There 
is  said  to  have  been  an  old  camp  or  village  site  at  the  mouth  of 
Blacks  Creek  in  Bordentown.     (28-31-2-5-8). 

Indian  Mills. — Just  below  where  the  Indian  Mills  Brook 
crossed  the  road  1  t/a  miles  northwest  of  Indian  Mills  is  the  ceme- 
tery used  by  the  Indians  inhabiting  the  old  mission  settlement  of 
Edgepillek.  The  last  survivors  were  removed  to  New  York, 
probably  to  the  Seneca  Reservation  at  Cattaraugus,  about  1820. 
(32-31-1-1-2.) 

New  Egypt. — On  Crosswicks  Creek,  south  of  New  Egypt,  and 
at  Brindle  Park  are  scattered  implements.     (28-43-1-3;  5-1,  2.) 

The  following  note  appeared  in  the  "New  Jersey  Notes"  in  the 
New  York  Sun  during  August,  191 2 :  "Clifford  Horner,  while 
working  in  Frank  P.  Gabel's  cranberry  bog  near  New  Egypt, 
unearthed  an  Indian  mortar  and  pestle.  They  are  of  flint  and 
show  signs  of  hard  usage."       (28-33-8-7-7.) 

Walnford. — Abbott  reports  a  village  site  at  Walnford  on 
Crosswicks  Creek,  where  objects  are  verv  abundant.     (28-33-2- 

7-8.) 

Prospertown  and  Vicinity. — In  the  neighborhood  of  Prosper- 
town  and  north  towards  Red  Valley  is  a  group  of  camp  sites  all 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  63 

very  much  of  the  same  type.  Several  have  been  long  and  fre- 
quently inhabited,  but  none  have  the  accumulated  debris  of  true 
villages.  In  nearly  all  of  them  circles  of  burnt  stones  that  out- 
lined the  fireplaces  still  mark  the  sites  of  wigwams.  F.  W. 
Emley,  to  whom  the  writer  is  indebted  for  guidance  to  these  sites 
has  a  collection  from  them  consisting  of  several  grooved  axes, 
a  small  adze,  two  broken  gorgets,  and  many  arrow  points.  One 
of  the  latter  is  apparently  carved  of  soapstone,  and  has  a  per- 
foration, rimmed  from'  both  sides,  in  the  stem.  It  was  doubtless 
a  charm  or  ornament  designed  for  suspension.  Mr.  Emley  has 
also  an  old  pouch  of  dyed  buckskin  ornamented  with  colored 
porcupine  quills  and  deer  hair.  Old  metal  "jinglers"  and  tassels 
of  red-dyed  deer  hair  serve  as  a  fringe.  While  data  are  lacking, 
it  is  obviously  an  example  of  eastern  Indian  work,  perhaps  that  of 
local  Lenape. 

Camp  site,  chips,  fire-cracked  stones,  etc.,  occur  at  Prosper- 
town.     (28-34-1-4-4;  4-6;  7-3;  8-7;  9-3.) 

A  camp  site,  traces  of  wigwams  and  fireplaces,  occur  north  of 
Prospertown.     (28-33-3-9-6.) 

Burksville. — Small  camp  site  at  Burks ville,  northeast  of  Pros- 
pertown.    (28-34-2-1-4.) 

Groveville. — A  single  grave  and  wigwam  site  were  found  on 
Major  Woodward's  farm  above  Groveville  on  Cross  wicks  Creek. 
(28-32-1-1-5.) 

Bonaparte  Park. — An  Indian  village  once  occupied  the  curved 
banks  of  Cross  wicks  Creek  at  Bonaparte  Park  opposite  White 
Horse.  Traces  and  relics  are  still  common.  (28-21-8-6,  9  and 
9-7-1.) 

Crosszvicks  Creek. — There  was  formerly  an  Indian  ford  across 
Crosswicks  Creek  where  the  trolley  line  to  Bordentown  now 
crosses.     (28-21-8-6-8.) 

White  Horse. — Village  site  is  located  about  the  springs  back  of 
White  Horse.     (28-21 -8-3-1.) 


Trenton  and  Vicinity.  —  ^  ^ 


,r^U.r 


Abbott  Farm. — Village  site  occurs  on  the  Abbott  Farm  on  a 
sandy  knoll  at  the  beginning  of  the  lane.     (28-21-8-2.) 


64  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Another  village  site,  or  series  of  sites,  is  intimately  connected 
with  the  preceding,  and  is  undoubtedly  the  best  known  of  all 
Indian  sites  in  New  Jersey.  The  entire  bluff  from  Abbott's 
Brook  to  the  railroad  track  shows  signs  of  prolonged  Indian  occu- 
pation, and  from  the  fields  Abbott  and  Volk  have  collected  many 
specimens  which  are  now  in  Princeton,  Cambridge,  New  York, 
Chicago  and  elsewhere.  Several  burial  grounds  have  been  ex- 
plored, and  wigwam  sites,  caches  and  other  remains  have  been 
exhumed.1     (28-21-7-2-3  and  8-1.) 

Somewhere  in  this  neighborhood,  the  Lenape  chief,  Teedy- 
uskung,  the  successor  of  Tammany,  is  said  to  have  been  born. 

At  the  point  on  Abbott  Brook,  opposite  the  Abbott  farm,  Volk 
exhumed  some  skeletons  from  very  deep  graves.     (28-21-8-1-9.) 

On  the  slight  sand  ridge  running  out  into  the  flat  below  the 
bluff  Volk  found  a  village  site  with  scattered  graves  among  the 
lodges.  Many  excellent  specimens  collected  at  this  place  are  in  the 
American  and  Peabody  Museums.     (28-2 1-8- 1-8.) 

Volk  found  a  cache  of  chipped  pieces  in  the  outskirts  of  Broad 
Street  Park.     (28-21-8-1-5.) 

Lai  or  Field,  near  Trenton. — The  Lalor  field,  near  Trenton, 
has  long  been  a  source  of  harvest  for  local  collectors,  and  even 
to-day,  after  so  many  years  of  searching,  specimens  are  still  com- 
mon after  the  first  ploughing  every  spring.  The  writer  has 
found  a  number  of  relics  there  which  are  now  in  the  State 
Museum.  The  locality  is  undoubtedly  one  link  in  the  continuous 
chain  of  village  sites  which  occupies  the  sandy  bluffs  for  some 
distance  and  marks  the  headquarters  of  the  Unami  division  of 
the  Lenni  Lenape.  At  the  particular  spot  designated  on  the  map 
Volk  found  a  single  wigwam  site  surrounded  by  ten  graves. 
This  is  on  Sassafras  Lane.  Near  here  also  he  found  a  frag- 
ment of  bison  bone.     (28-21-7-3-4.) 


*The  literature  of  this  site  is  extensive,  and  the  student  is  referred  to  the 
following  works  for  a  detailed  knowledge  of  the  field. 
Abbott,  C.  C. — The  Stone  Age  in  New  Jersey. 
Primitive  Industry. 
Archaeologia  Nova  Cassarea. 
Ten  Years'  Diggings  in  Lenape  Land. 
Volk,  Ernest — Archaeology  of  the  Delaware  Valley. 


SITES  IN  SOUTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  65 

Deutzville. — Volk  found  fragments  of  human  parietals  and 
a  femur  in  the  gravel.1     (28-21 -7-2-1.) 

Assanpink  Creek. — There  was  formerly  a  large  village  site  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Assanpink  Creek  in  Trenton.  Charles  Rau 
has  collected  and  figured  articles  from  this  locality.     (28-21-4- 

4-4.) 

Hancock  Avenue. — Volk  found  here  the  fragments  of  musk- 
ox  bone  and  elk  antler,  figured  and  described  in  his  "Archaeology 
of  the  Delaware  Valley,"  p.  in.     (28-21-3-8.) 

Bile's  Island. — On  the  shore  of  Delaware  River  nearly  oppo- 
site the  point  of  Bile's  Island  there  was  an  historic  Delaware 
Indian  cemetery,  now  nearly  obliterated.  From  this  site  were 
collected  some  interesting  shell  beads  (wampum)  and  little  bird- 
shaped  shell  pendants.  Such  objects  are  common  enough  in  the 
old  territory  of  the  Iroquois  but  are  practically  unknown  in  New 
Jersey.  Without  doubt  they  show  the  influence  of  the  Iroquois. 
These  specimens  are  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Peabody 
Museum  of  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Dr.  Abbott  informed  the  writer  that  some  modern  Delaware 
Indians,  from  the  west,  visiting  Trenton  with  Buffalo  Bill  some 
years  ago,  were  in  possession  of  so  vivid  a  tradition  of  the  loca- 
tion of  this  cemetery  that  they  were  able  to  find  it,  although 
none  of  them  had  ever  seen  the  place  before.  On  arriving  ait 
the  spot  they  held  a  ceremony  in  memory  of  their  dead.     (28-21- 

7-5-I-) 

There  was  an  Indian  village  on  the  point  of  Bile's  Island  and 
many  relics  have  been  collected  on  the  northeast  shore  of  the 
island.     (  28-2 1  -7-4-5 . ) 

Moon's  Island. — Volk  has  collected  specimens  all  along  the 
northeast  and  east  bank  of  Moon's  Island.  There  was  probably 
an  Indian  village  at  this  spot.     ( 28-2 1  ->y- 1 . ) 

Titusville. — Remains  are  reported  at  Titusville.     (27-14-4-8.) 
Washington's  Crossing. — Specimens  have  been   collected   at 
Washington's  Crossing.      (27-14^7-3-3.) 


xSee  Ernest  Volk,  "Archaeology  of  the  Delaware  Valley,"  p.  113,  et  sec. 
5   GEOL 


66  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Scudder's  Falls. — Remains  are  reported  from  Scudder's  Falls. 
(27-24-2-2-3.) 

Princeton. — Abbott  reports  an  argillite  find  on  the  Olden  farm 
near  Princeton.     (28^12-1-7-8.) 

Lambertville. — The  presence  of  abundant  Indian  remains 
is  reported  all  about  Lambertville.  The  town  probably  occupies 
the  site  of  a  former  village.     (27^3-8-5,  8  and  9.) 

Bulls  Island  and  Raven  Rock. — On  Bulls  Island  and  at  Raven 
Rock  many  specimens  have  been  found  under  conditions  indicat- 
ing prolonged  Indian  occupancy.  Just  opposite,  on  the  Penn- 
sylvania side  at  Point  Pleasant,  Mercer  has  made  a  series  of 
investigations  in  the  argillite  quarries  worked  by  the  aborigines 
(27-2-5-6  and  6-y.) 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  6y 

List  of  Sites,  with  Notes,  Northern  New  Jersey. 


By  MAX  SCHRABISCH. 


SITES   IN    THE   DELAWARE   VALLEY. 

Delaware  Water  Gap. — A  rock  shelter  was  found  at  the  west- 
ern base  of  Blockade  Mountain,  witliin  ioo  yards  of  Delaware 
River.     The  finds  made  included  some  twenty  or  more  arrow 
points  and  scrapers,  one  rude  celt,  unio  shells,  numberless  bones,  q^y^ 
mostly  deer,  as  well  as  large  quantities  of  chips  and  potsherds, \%x^  *, 
the  latter,  as  usual,  lying'  in  the  upper  layers.    The  decoration  of  i'^br^ 
the   potsherds   was    partly    Iroquoian,    partly   Algonkin.      OneV^~  ^ 
large  fireplace  and  several  bone  pits  were  unearthed.     (21-41  -2-s 

9-3-) 

N  Camp  sites  and  fishing  places  have  been  noted  along  the  river 
in  the  Gap  at  several  points  (21-41-3-4-4;  7-4,  7;  7-5,  6).  At 
another  of  these  (21-41-3-4-1)  a  profusion  of  flakes,  mostly 
flint,  indicates  a  workshop. 

A  small  shelter  at  the  base  of  Blockade  Mountain  facing  west 
and  less  than  100  yards  from  the  river  contained  potsherds  only, 
both  plain  and  ornamented.     It  may,  therefore,  have  been  a  so-  ^ 
called  menstrual  shelter,  serving  as  a  place  of  retirement  for  the  )    ®t 
women,   in  accordance  with  usages   common  among  primitive   (    ' 
peoples  (2 1 -4 1-3-7-4). 

Below  Delaware  Water  Gap  as  far  as  Columbia  a  series  of 
camp  sites  has  been  identified  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river. 
(Localities  21-41-6-2-4,  5;  2-7,  8;  5-2,  5;  5-6;  9-4;  9-4;  9"5  5 
9-8;  9-9.) 

Manunka  Chunk. — Two  camp  sites  were  found  on  a  hill  near 
a  brook,  2  miles  north  of  Manunka  Chunk  and  1  mile  east  of 
the  Delaware;  another  site  occurs  half  a  mile  south  of  these 
(24-2-5-9-2;  9-5). 

Oxford  Township. — There  are  camp  sites  and  fishing  places 
near  Manunka  Chunk  (24-28-2-4;  4^5),  a  camp  site  south  of 
Manunka  Chunk   (24-2-8-4-6),  camp  sites  near  Belvidere  (24- 


68  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

12-1-2-1 ;  5-4),  and  along  Buckhorn  Creek  (24-12-4-2-2,  5;  2-3; 
2-3,  6)  ;  a  burial  ground  on  top  of  Jenny  Jump  Mountain  (24-2- 
9-6-1)  ;  a  rock  shelter  3  miles  below  Belvidere  on  the  east  bank 
of  Delaware  River  (24-11^6-3-6). 

There  is  also  a  village  site  in  Hope  Township  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Green  Pond,  near  the  foot  of  Jenny  Jump  Mountain 
(24-3-7-4-3). 

SITES  IN  THE  WANAQUE  VAU.EY. 

Stonetown. — There  is  a  camp  site  1  mile  south  of  Stonetown 
and  west  of  Winbeam  Mountain.  A  large  rock,  hollowed  out 
on  top  and  evidently  used  as  a  mortar  by  the  aborigines  occurs 
on  this  site  (23-31-1-6-7). 

Upper  Midvale. — Two  small  camp  sites  occur  at  Upper  Mid- 
vale  on  elevated  ground  north  of  swamp  (23-31-5-2-3). 

Midvale. — Two  camp  sites  occur  near  Midvale  on  the  east 
bank  of  a  tributary  of  Wanaque  River  (23-31-5-2-9;  5-8). 

Pomp  ton  Junction. — A  small  Indian  cave  has  been  located 
high  up  on  the  southern  slope  of  Federal  Hill  (23-31-7-9-7). 

North  of  the  Junction  three  camp  sites  were  found  between 
the  railroad  and  a  tributary  of  Wanaque  River  (23-31-8-4-7; 
7-1),  and  another  was  found  on  the  east  bank  of  Pequannock 
River  just  south  of  the  Junction  (23-41-2-1-1). 

SITES  ON  POMPTON  PLAINS  AND  VICINITY. 

Riverdale. — At  Riverdale  and  vicinity  five  camp  sites  have 
been  located  (23-41-1-6-3;  6-5;  6-5;  6-6;  6-6). 

Pomp  ton  Plains  Station. — Three  rock  shelters  occur  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  hills,  2  miles  northwest  of  the  station.  Two 
of  these  (23-41-1-4-8;  4-9)  are  in  a  gully.  The  third  (4-8) 
lies  150  yards  south  of  the  others.  This  shelter  is  the  best  of 
the  three  and  its  exploration  yielded  various  remains  of  the 
Indian's  handiwork,  such  as  potsherds,  scrapers,  knives,  drills, 
points  and  spearheads.  A  brook  in  front  supplied  its  tenants 
with  water  and  there  is  also  a  spring  close  by. 

Southeast  of  these  shelters  five  camp  sites  occur  along  a 
small  brook  and  on  the  top  and  flanks  of  a  wooded  hill  east 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  69 

thereof,  iy2  miles  north  by  west  of  Pompton  Plains  station 
(23-4111-8-1;  8-2;  8-4;  8-4,  7;  8-7).  Scattered  relics,  probably 
lost  while  hunting*  occur  in  the  fields  /toward  the  station  (23-41- 
1-8-3;  9-i)- 

Five  camp  sites  and  fishing  places  have  been  located  on  and 
near  the  west  bank  of  Pompton  River  north  of  Pompton  Plains 
station  (23-41-2-4-4;  4-5;  7-1;  7-5;  8-4). 

A  village  site  is  found  on  elevated  ground  a  short  distance 
north  of  Pompton  Plains  station  between  the  Erie  Railroad  and 
Pompton  River  (23-41-2-7-5,  6,  7,  8).  A  camp  site  is  west  of 
it   (23-41-2-7-5),  another  east  (23-41-2-8-7). 

A  large  village  site  is  found  on  Sander's  lots,  1  mile  west  of 
Pompton  Plains  station.  This  locality  has  proved  most  prolific 
in  specimens  of  aboriginal  origin,  and  it  is  evident  that  it  has 
been  the  site  of  a  populous  Indian  village,  occupied  for  many 
centuries.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  temporary  abiding 
place,  abandoned  every  now  and  then,  but  seems  to  have  been 
continuously  occupied  for  long  periods.  On  the  other  hand,  we 
may  assume  that  its  population  constantly  shifted.  Bands  would 
leave  it  now  for  a  while  and  others  would  come  to  take  their 
places.  Every  kind  of  artifact  characteristic  of  ancient  village 
sites,  has  here  been  found,  in  contradistinction  to  mere  camp 
sites  or  temporary  fishing  places,  where  certain  kinds  of  imple- 
ments are  hardly  ever  met  with  (23-41-4-2-3,  6). 

Another  village  site  lies  a  short  distance  south  of  the  former. 
Judging  from  the  abundance  of  artifacts  found  here,  we  may 
conclude  that  this  level  and  high  tract  of  land  was  once  occupied 
by  an  Indian  settlement  of  no  mean  proportions.  One  thing  is 
certain  beyond  peradventure  and  that  is  that  Pompton  Plains 
was  one  of  the  most  frequented  aboriginal  sections  in  Northern 
Jersey,  and  there  is  good  ground  for  assuming  that  these  genu- 
ine Americans  of  the  Lenni  Lenape  nation  were  in  the  habit  of 
holding  their  powwows  on  these  plains  (23-41-4-3-4,  7). 

South  of  Pompton  Plains  station  no  less  than  nine  sites  have 
been  identified,  one  of  them  a  village  site  and  fishing  place 
(23-41-5-2-8).  Their  exact  locations  are  as  follows:  (23-41-5- 
'1-2 ;  1-5;  1-6;  1-3,  6;  2-2;  2-4;  2-7;  5-1).  Scattered  relics  were 
also  found  (23-41-5-2-2;  5-5). 


yo  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Pompton. — Eleven  aboriginal  sites  have  been  noted  in  and 
about  Pompton,  Wayne  Township,  Passaic  County.  The  most 
important  of  these  is  a  village  site  on  elevated  ground  east  of 
Pompton  River  and  south  of  the  junction  of  Pequannock  with 
Ramapo  River  (23-41-2-4-5,  6,  7,  8) .  Of  the  remaining  ten  sites 
two  lie  on  the  east  bank  of  Wanaque  River  (23-4 1-2- 1-9;  4-3), 
the  others  are  distributed  along  the  east  bank  of  Ramapo  River 
and  some  of  its  tributaries.  Two  of  these  sites  lie  respectively 
north  and  south  of  point  where  Peacock  Brook  empties  into 
Pompton  Lake  (23-41-2-3-4;  3-7).  The  exact  location  of  the 
others  is  as  follows:  (23-41-2-5-3;  5-6,  9;  5-9;  9-1;  9-4;  9-5). 
Scattered  relics  were  found  both  on  the  west  bank  of  Peacock 
Brook  and  on  the  east  bank  of  Ramapo  River   (23-41-2-3-9; 

8-2,3;  8-3). 

Jacksonville. — Numerous  traces  of  erstwhile  Indian  occupa- 
tion have  been  found  in  and  near  Jacksonville,  2  miles  south- 
west of  Pompton  Plains.  Altogether  eleven  camp  sites  have 
been  located  on  the  ridges  bounding  Bog  and  Vly  swamp  on 
the  west.  (23-41 -4-1-5 ;  1-5,  6;  1-7;  2-1;  2-2;  2-4;  4-3;  4-6; 
4-8,  9;  5-1;  7-1,  3.) 

Pequannock. — A  village  site  and  fishing  place  lay  on  the  west 
bank  of  Pompton  River  about  500  yards  east  of  Pequannock 
station.  The  flood  of  October,  1903,  overflowing  the  banks  of 
the  river  and  tearing  up  the  soil,  laid  bare  numerous  prehistoric 
artifacts,  among  them  fragments  of  pottery.  The  ornamenta- 
tion, particularly  the  incised  line  pattern,  is  identical  with  that 
found  on  the  village  site  at  Pompton  Plains.  This  is  not  sur- 
prising if  we  reflect  that  those  who  designed  it  were  members 
of  the  tribe  roaming  over  the  Pompton  Plains,  viz.,  the  Opings 
or  Wapings.  There  was  an  old  tradition  that  this  clan  formerly 
lived  on  the  shores  of  Long  Island,  migrating  thence  westward 
in  the  sixteenth  century.     (23-41-5-5-8,  9.) 

Another  village  site  lay  a  short  distance  south  of  the  former. 
These  fields,  once  known  as  the  "Indian  Orchard,"  have  also 
been  very  prolific  in  aboriginal  specimens.  Al  much-trodden 
trail  connected  this  place  with  the  Indian  villages  at  Wayne  and 
Pompton  Plains,  following  in  part  the  course  of  the  river. 
(23-41-5-8-2,  5.) 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  71 

Almost  opposite  these  villages  two  camp  sites  have  been  noted 
on  the  east  bank  of  Pompton  River,  Wayne  Township,  Passaic 
County  (23-41-5-8-9;  9-1,4). 

In  addition  to  these,  five  more  sites  have  been  located  some 
distance  west  of  the  river  between  the  Erie  Railroad  and  the  Bog 
and  Vly.  Two  lie  a  short  distance  east  of  the  Bog  and  Vly  about 
iy2  miles  from  the  station  (23-41-4-6-5;  6-5,  8)  ;  the  remaining 
three,  one  of  them  a  village,  occupy  the  elevated  ground  bound- 
ing a  large  swamp  north  and  west  (23-41-4-9-3,  6.  9 ;  5-4-6 ;  4-8) . 

Wayne. — Two  camp  sites  occur  north  of  Wayne,  two  more 
on  the  bluffs  east  of  it  and  another  farther  south  near  the  powder 
works,  all  of  them  east  of  Pompton  River  (26-1-2-2-2,  3;  2-3; 
3-2;  3-6;  6-1). 

Mountain  View. — Two  village  sites  occur  here  in  the  south- 
ernmost part  of  the  Pompton  Valley,  one  of  them  ■  west  of 
Pompton  River  at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Towaco  Moun- 
tain, the  other  east  of  Pompton  River,  between  Mountain  View 
and  Two  Bridges  (26-1-2-6,  9-7,  8,  1,  253-7-4,  5,  7,  8). 

Lincoln  Park — The  country  about  Lincoln  Park  reveals  many 
traces  of  aboriginal  occufpation  and  no  less  than  seven  sites  includ- 
ing two  villages  have  been  identified.  It  is  watered  by  several 
brooks  and  topographically  is  well  defined,  being  bounded  to 
the  west  by  Bog  and  Vly  swamp,  south  by  Towaco  (Hook) 
Mountain  and  east  by  Pompton  River.  The  light  sandy  soil 
covering  the  fields  has  yielded  numerous  implements  of  primitive 
art  and  scattered  relics  occur  all  over  this  region.  One  village 
lay  north  of  the  D.  L.  &  W.  Railroad  in  the  angle  formed  by  it 
and  Pompton  River,  the  other  south  thereof  between  the  rail- 
road and  Towaco  Mountain,  a  patch  of  swampy  ground  separat- 
ing the  two  sites.  (26-1-2-1,  4-8,  9,  2,  3 ;  4-1,2.)  Four  of  the 
camp  sites  were  distributed  along  the  north  bank  of  a  tributary 
of  Pompton  River,  the  fifth  one  occupied  a  bluff  near  the  rail- 
road bridge.     (26-1-1-3-5,  6;  2-1-7;  i-5  J  I"6J  5"1-) 

TOWACO   SITES. 

West  of  Lincoln  Park  a  number  of  sites  have  been  located  in 
the  undulating  country  known  as  Towaco.     Two  of  these  lie  at 


72  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

the  southern  base  of  Turkey  Mountain,  two  others  a  short  dis- 
tance north  of  Towaco  station  and  the  two  last  between  Towaco 
and  Lincoln  Park  on  the  southern  edge  of  Bog  and  Vly  swamp. 
(25-5-1-1-5;  1-6;  2-8;  2-9;  26-1-1-1-4;  1-5.) 

SITES  IN   THE   NORTHERN    HIGHLANDS. 

Morris  County. 

Jefferson  Toivnship. — A  camp  site  and  fishing  place  occurs 
on  Raccoon  Island,  and  a  village  site  and  fishing  place  on  Hal- 
sey  Island,  both  at  Lake  Hopatcong  (22-42-4-3-5;   3,  6-9,  3). 

A  camp  site  was  found  half  a  mile  south  of  Milton  and  another 
half  a  mile  east  of  Milton  on  the  banks  of  Rockaway  River  (22- 
33-8-4-9;   5-2). 

Rockaway  Township. — A  camp  site  and  fishing  place  has  been 
located  at  the  southern  end  of  Splitrock  Pond.     (22-44-4-1-4.) 

Montville  Township. — A  rock  shelter,  called  Bear  Rock,  oc- 
curs near  Brook  Valley,  4  miles  north  of  Towaco.  It  lies  in  a 
valley  formed  by  Stony  Brook  Mountain  and  Rock  Peon  moun- 
tain and  is  unique  for  the  reason  that  it  hangs  over  on  two  op- 
posite sides,  the  result  being  a  double  rock  shelter,  facing  east 
and  west,  respectively.  The  rock  itself  is  a  granite  boulder  of 
enormous  size,  deposited  here  during  one  of  the  glacial  periods. 
While  the  excavation  yielded  many  implements  of  aboriginal 
C  handiwork,  pottery  was  not  plentiful.  It  lay.,  as  in  all  the  other^ 
shelters  thus  far  explored  by  the  writer,  either  on  the  top  of  the 
debris  or  a  little  below,  but  nowhere  near  the  bottom.  From  this 
we  may  infer,  as  heretofore,  the  existence  of  two  distinct  hori- 
zons of  culture.     (22-44-6-1-9.) 

Passaic  County. 

West  Milford  Township. — This  region,  like  all  the  land  north 
and  west  of  it,  is  a  mountainous  territory,  known  as  the  Jersey 
Highlands.  Owing  to  its  inaccessibility  it  was  merely  a  hunting 
resort,  traveled  over  occasionally,  with  no  permanent  village 
sites  and  but  a  few  lodge  sites  and  rock  shelters  denoting  the 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  73 

Redman's  former  presence.  An  interesting  place  of  this  kind 
is  a  rock  shelter  situated  at  the  eastern  base  of  Kanouse  Moun- 
tain about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  Macopin  (Echo)  Lake. 
It  faces  east  and  some  50  yards  from  it  a  brook  flows  past  into 
the  lake.  The  dirt  covering  the  floor  contained  only  a  few- 
arrow  points,  but  there  was  a  profusion  of  potsherds,  showing 
Algonkin  designs,  some  flakes  and  indications  of  two  fireplaces. 
(22-34-2-9-4.) 

Bergen  County. 

Hohokus  Township. — A  few  sites  have  been  discovered  in  the 
interior  of  the  Ramapo  Mountains,  and  we  may  assume  that  the 
aborigines  occupied  them  only  when  on  hunting  trips.  At  all 
other  times  land  of  this  character  was,  as  a  rule,  not  invaded  by 
human  beings. 

A  camp  site  lies  on  the  western  bank  of  Bear  Swamp;  a 
second  camp  site  and  workshop  occurs  south  of  it  at  the  lower 
end  of  Bear  Swamp.     (23-32-1-2-1 ;   2-4.) 

A  small  rock  dwelling  has  been  found  1  mile  east  of  Bear 
Swamp  and  about  3  miles  northwest  of  D'arlington.  It  occupies 
a  gully  in  one  of  the  most  inaccessible  portions  of  the  Ramapo 
Mountains  and  it  contained  but  few  traces  of  Indian  origin, 
among  them  being  chips,  fire-cracked  pebbles  and  some  rejects. 
(23-32-1-3-8.) 

Franklin  Township. — Another  rock  shelter  has  been  located  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  Ramapo  Mountains,  3  miles  north  of 
Oakland.  The  scarcity  of  relics  imbedded  in  the  soil  under  the 
rock  proves  that  this  spot  was  but  seldom  visited  by  the  red 
huntsman.  For  this  several  reasons  may  be  adduced.  In  the 
first  place,  the  shelter  was  quite  inaccessible,  lying  almost  on  top 
of  a  hill,  some  800  feet  above  sea  level.  Secondly,  the  condition 
of  the  surrounding  country  shows  that  water  may  not  always 
have  been  available,  for,  although  there  is  in  its  immediate 
vicinity  a  small  swamp,  it  is  altogether  probable  that  it  dried  up 
during  periods  of  drouth.  Apart  from  this  however,  the  con- 
figuration of  the  shelter  is  such  as  to  have  met  with  the  require- 
ments of  any  roving  redskin.     (23-31-6-6-5.) 


74  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

SITES  IN   THE  RAMAPO  VALLEY. 

Hohokus  Township. — A  village  site  has  been  identified  on  the 
south  side  of  Ramapo  River,  i  mile  north  of  Darlington  (23-32- 

2-5-3)- 

Franklin  Township. — Two  camp  sites  occur  within  a  distance 

of  4  miles  on  the  north  bank  of  Ramapo  River  (23-32-4-4-5  ;  31- 

9-4-3)- 

Wayne  Township. — Two  neighboring  camp  sites  have  been 

found  on  the  flats  between  the  N.  Y.  S.  &  W.  Railroad  and 
Pompton  Lake  (23-3 1 -8-9-1 ;   9-2). 

SITES  IN  THE  PASSAIC  VALLEY. 

Pine  Brook. — There  are  three  camp  sites  south  of  Pine  Brook 
on  the  west  bank  of  Rockaway  River,  a  tributary  of  Passaic 
River.     (25-5-7-5-9;    5-2;    5-3.) 

Another  camp  site  occurs  half  a  mile  east  of  Pine  Brook  on 
the  west  side  of  a  swamp  near  Passaic  River.     (26-1-7-1-7.) 

Horse  Neck  Bridge. — There  is  a  camp  site  on  the  west  bank  of 
Passaic  River,  between  Horse  Neck  Bridge  and  Towaco.     (25-5- 

1-9-8.) 

Tom's  Point. — In  the  angle  of  Towaco  (Hook)  Mountain 
two  rock  shelters  have  been  located.  At  the  westerly  one  inves- 
tigation disclosed  two  fireplaces  filled  with  charcoal,  chips,  pot- 
sherds and  bones.  In  addition,  the  culture  layers  yielded  several 
arrow  points,  scrapers,  one  pitted  hand  hammer,  knives  and  a 
broken  steatite  bead.  The  bones  were  mostly  those  of  deer,  but 
among  them  there  were  also  the  jawbone  of  a  raccoon  and  a 
couple  of  oyster  shells.  Most  of  the  pottery  was  plain ;  the  orna- 
mented pieces  were  either  cord-marked  or  incised,  the  zigzag 
design  predominating.      ( 26- 1  - 1-4- 1.) 

The  easterly  shelter  yielded  still  fewer  relics.  However,  there 
was  among  them  a  gorget  perforated  on  both  ends.     (26-1-1- 

4-3-) 

Tom's  Point  proper  was  once  occupied  by  a  village  of  large 

size.     Both  the  variety  and  number  of  specimens  occurring  in 

this  locality  give  evidence  that  the  aborigines  have  lived  here  in 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  75 

considerable  numbers.  Its  sheltered  position  in  the  bend  of 
Towaco  Mountain  made  it  eligible  as  winter  quarters,  and  the 
nearness  of  Passaic  River  permitted  its  occupants  to  supplement 
their  meat  fare  by  many  kinds  of  fish  with  which  this  river  was 
then  well-stocked  (26-1-1-4,  5-6,  2,  9,  7).  All  of  the  sites  in 
the  Passaic  Valley  thus  far  mentioned  are  in  Morris  County. 

Franklin. — A  camp  site  occurs  on  the  north  bank  of  Pine 
Brook  between  Hatfield  Swamp  and  Franklin.     (26-1-7-6-4.) 

Pine  Brook  Bridge. — There  is  a  camp  site  between  Long 
Meadow  and  Passaic  River  (26-1-7-2-9). 

Clinton. — Half  a  dozen  camp  sites  occur  in  the  vicinity  of 
Clinton  between  Great  Piece  Meadows  and  Long  Meadow  (26-1- 
4-8-6;  6-5 ;  6-6;  9-3 ;  5-4-1 ;  5-7-2). 

Fairfield. — Archaeologically  speaking,  the  Fairfield  section  is 
one  of  the  best  in  the  Passaic  Valley  for  several  reasons.  In  the 
first  place,  it  is  well  sheltered,  Towaco  Mountain  enclosing  it 
north  and  west,  and  the  North  Caldwell  Hills  on  the  southeast. 
Secondly,  Passaic  River,  then  teeming  with  fish,  envelops  it  on 
three  sides;  and,  thirdly,  it  is  a  level  tract  of  land,  pitted 
by  swamps,  with  many  knolls  composed  of  light  sand  rising 
above  the  low-lying  meadows.  Each  of  these  knolls  reveals  to 
this  day  the  traces  of  ancient  occupation  in  the  shape  of  aborig- 
inal utensils  littering  the  soil.  Altogether,  eleven  sites,  one  of 
them  a  village,  have  been  located  within  this  territory.  The 
village  lay  on  land  owned  by  David  Demarest,  on  the  southern 
bank  of  Passaic  River,  south  of  Two  Bridges  and  opposite  the 
confluence  of  Passaic  and  Pompton  rivers.  Innumerable  objects 
of  primitive  art  have  here  been  recovered  of  late  years.  In  front 
of  the  village  a  ford  or  fish  weir  crosses  Passaic  River  a  little 
below  the  county  bridge  (26-1-5-3-3,  4,  5,  7,  8).  The  camp 
sites  have  been  located  as  follows:  (26-1-5-9-4;  9-1,  2;  9-1; 
&~3 >'  5-95  6^6;  5-2;  2-9;  2-9;  2-6).  The  position  of  the  ford  is: 
(26-1-5-3-2).  All  the  sites  in  the  Passaic  Valley  mentioned 
under  the  side  heads  of  Franklin,  Pine  Brook  Bridge,  Clinton 
and  Fairfield  are  in  Essex  County. 

Singac. — There  is  a  group  of  sites  in  the  vicinity  of  Singac, 
three  being  on  the  south  side  of  Passaic  River  and  four  north 


76  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

of  it,  the  latter  lying  between  Singac  Brook,  a  tributary  of 
Passaic  River,  and  the  Greenwood  Lake  branch  of  the  Erie 
Railroad.     (26-1-6-5-5;  5-5,  6;  6-1);  (26-1-6-1-6;  4~5>  6;  2-7; 

5-i.) 

Little  Palls — Five  sites  have  been  noted  near  Little  Falls,  three 
of  them  south  of  Passaic  River,  two  north  of  it.  O'f  the  former, 
one  lies  north  of  Cedar  Grove,  on  the  east  bank  of  Peckman's 
Brook,  a  tributary  of  Passaic  River,  the  next  one  about  iy2  miles 
farther  north,  also  on  the  east  bank,  and  the  third  one  near  its 
mouth.  (26-2-4-7-9;  5-3;  2-&,  9.)  The  northerly  ones  lie  close 
together  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  about  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Peckman's  Brook  (26-2-4-2-5;  2-5,  6).  There  are,  moreover, 
three  fords  across  the  river,  two  above  High  Bridge,  one  below 
it,  running  from  its  south  bank  to  Laurel  Grove  Island  (26-2-4- 

3-4;  3-6;  3-3). 

City  of  Paterson. — There  is  no  doubt  that  the  territory  now 
occupied  by  the  City  of  Paterson  was  once  a  favorite  resort  of 
the  Indian,  and  this  assumption  is  amply  borne  out  by  the 
traces  of  prehistoric  activity  discernible  to  this  day.  Again, 
it  is  certain  that  in  the  course  of  building  operations  many  sites, 
including  even  rock  shelters,  have  forever  been  obliterated.  Still, 
wherever  the  natural  conditions  of  the  land  have  not  been  dis- 
turbed, many  sites  can,  even  now,  easily  be  identified.  Most 
of  these  occur,  obviously  enough,  along  the  banks  of  the  river, 
but  more  particularly  on  the  extreme  east  side  of  the  city,  where 
there  are  few  houses.  In  the  following  we  shall  enumerate  all 
sites  occurring  directly  within  the  city  limits  and  then  proceed 
to  mention  those  lying  just  outside  of  them  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  river. 

Four  sites  have  been  found  on  the  west  side  of  the  city,  called 
Totowa,  on  the  flats  extending  north  of  the  river  to  the  foot  of 
Totowa  Hill.     (26-2-2-4-7;  4-9;  1-5,  8;  1-8.) 

There  was  a  site  at  the  Falls,  another  on  Paterson  Island  and 
a  ford  crossed  the  river  below  Main  Street  Bridge  (26-2-2-5-6; 
6-1 ;  6-2.). 

Along  the  northernmost  course  of  the  river  there  occur  the 
following:    a  camp  on  Bunker  Hill,  a  ford  north  of  it,  two 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  77 

fords  between  Wagaraw  and  Fifth  Avenue  Bridges  (23-42-6- 
7-8;  7-8;  9^4;  9-7,  8). 

There  are  twelve  camp  sites  and  one  ford  between  Broadway 
and  Wesel  Bridges  along  the  west  bank  of  the  river  (26-2-3-3- 
i;  3rl»J  3-4,  (ford);  2-6;  3-7;  6-2;  6-3;  3-1-4-1;  2-3-6-6;  6-9; 
9-6;  9-6,  9;  9-8,  9).  All  the  sites  given  under  the  side  heads  of 
Singac,  Little  Falls  and  Paterson  are  in  Passaic  County. 

A  few  more  sites,  also  in  Passaic  County,  occur  north  of  Pas- 
saic River,  as  follows : 

Ashley  Heights. — A  camp  site  and  workshop  near  a  swamp 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  Goffle  Hill  (23-42-5-9-2). 

Hawthorne. — Two  camp  sites  occur  near  the  mouth  of  Goffle 
Brook,  four  more  to  the  eastward,  between  Goffle  and  Wagaraw 
Brooks  (23-42-6-7-4,  7;  7-5);  (7-2;  7-3;;  7-6;  8-4). 

North  Paterson, — There  are  two  camp  sites  on  the  east  bank 
of  Goffle  Brook,  about  iy2  miles  north  of  Passaic  River  (23-42- 
6-4-2;  1-8). 

Van  Winkle. — A  site  occurs  at  the  forks  of  Deep  Glen  and 
Goffle  Brooks,  opposite  the  schoolhouse  (23-42-6-1-2,  3). 

Bergen  County,  i.  e.,  that  part  of  it  which  lies  east  of  Passaic 
River,  is  replete  with  the  signs  of  ancient  occupation.  But 
while  it  is  quite  certain  that  there  is  not  a  single  square  mile  in 
this  territory  entirely  devoid  of  such  signs,  it  is,  nevertheless, 
certain  that  the  region  adjoining  the  river  ranks  first  in  point 
of  aboriginal  traces,  and  here  again  it  is  that  part  of  it  which 
lies  opposite  the  City  of  Paterson,  viz.,  just  beyond  its  boundaries. 

Some  fifty  sites  have  been  noted  on  the  level  strip  of  land 
lying  between  the  river  and  the  Bergen  County  short  cut  of  the 
Erie  Railroad  and  extending  8  miles  downstream  from  Fair- 
lawn  to  Garfield.  While  most  of  the  sites  occur  in  close  prox- 
imity to  the  river,  others  are  some  distance  away.  The  former 
were,  no  doubt,  more  desirable  than  the  latter,  as  fishing  places, 
and  therefore  resorted  to  more  or  less  permanently. 

Ferndale. — Five  sites  have  here  been  located,  all  within  lVz 
miles  north  of  the  great  bend  of  Passaic  River.  Three  of  these 
are  west,  two  east  of  Wagaraw  Brook  (23-42-6-3-8;  6-1;  6-4, 
7);  (6-6,  8;  6-8,  9). 


78  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Fairlawn. — A  village  site  lies  west  of  Wagaraw  Brook  near 
its  mouth  (23-42-6-5,  6,  8,  9-9,  7,  3,  1).  Two  more  villages 
have  been  identified  east  of  Wagaraw  Brook,  and  there  was  a 
workshop  on  the  bluff  parallel  to  the  river,  between  Wagaraw 
and  Fifth  avenue  bridges  (23-42-6-9-2,  3;  9-3,  6;  9-8).  Four 
camp  sites  occur  along  a  brook,  iy2  miles  east  of  the  river,  and 
scattered  relics  are  found  on  both  sides  of  the  railroad.     (23-42- 

6-9-3;  43-4-4-7;  4"7>  8;  4-8;  7"1;  7-2;  4"9J  5"40  An  isolated 
site  has  been  noted  one-half  a  mile  east  of  Fairlawn,  near  a 
brook,  a  westerly  tributary  of  Saddle  River  (23-43-4-8-9). 

Bellair. — Twelve  camp  sites,  mostly  fishing  places,  and  one 
village  site  have  been  noted  along  the  bank  of  the  river  between 
Fifth  avenue  and  Broadway  bridges  (26-2-3-3-4,  5;  3-4,  5;  3-5; 

3-6;  3-6;  3-7,  8;  3-9;  2>-l-l~7)  W>  *'7>  8;  1-8;  1-8;  4-2,  5)- 

Warren  Point. — There  are  two  camp  sites  at  Warren  Point  on 
a  brook  north  of  the  station  (26-3-1-2-8;  5-2). 

Passaic  Junction. — Two  sites  have  been  found  north  of  Passaic 
Junction,  east  and  west  of  the  railroad  (26-3-1-8-5;  9-8). 

Dundee  Lake. — Many  sites  have  been  located  north  and  south 
of  Dundee  Lake,  all  but  one  on  the  bank  of  the  river  (26-3-1-7- 
1;  7-4,  5;  7-7;  4-1-2;  1-5;  1-8;  1-8;  4-2;  2-1,  2). 

Dundee  Dam. — There  is  a  fishing  place  both  above  and  below 
Dundee  Dam.  (26-3-4-4-5;  5-4.)  A  ford  crosses  the  river  be- 
tween the  two.     (26-3-4-4-6.) 

Plauderville. — A  site  occurs  northwest  of  Plauderville,  about 
two-thirds  of  a  mile  from  the  river.     (26-3-4-5-3.) 

Belmont. — There  is  a  ford  crossing  from  the  east  bank  of 
Passaic  River  to  the  island,  opposite  Belmont.     (26-3-4-8-2.) 

Garfield. — A  site  has  been  found  south  of  Garfield,  at  the 
mouth  of  Saddle  River.     (26-3-7-3-5.) 

Carlton  Hill. — There  is  a  site  near  the  railroad  bridge,  opposite 
Passaic  Park  (Passaic  Bridge).     (26-3-7-5-7.) 

The  remaining  sites  in  the  Passaic  Valley  are  on  the  west  side 
of  the  river  south  of  Paterson. 

Lake  View. — Three  sites  have  here  been  located,  one  of  these 
on  the  bank  of  the  river  near  the  Paterson  boundary  line,  the 
others  south  of  it,  on  opposite  sides  of  a  brook,  some  300  yards 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  79 

from  the  river   (Godefroy's  estate).     (26-3-4-1-4,  7;  2-6-6-2; 

6-30 

Clifton. — A  site  occurs  above  Dundee  Dam,  near  the  mouth  of 
a  brook.     (26-3-4-4-4.) 

City  of  Passaic. — Most  all  the  signs  of  aboriginal  occupation 
have  long  ago  been  effaced  hereabouts.  It  is  known,  however, 
that  two  Indian  villages  were  situated  within  the  city  limits,  one 
of  these  on  the  peninsula  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  city,  the 
other  1  mile  to  the  west  of  it  in  the  vicinity  of  Prospect  Street 
station.     (26-3-7-1-6,  9;  3-4,  7.) 

Nutley. — While  the  sites  mentioned  under  the  last  three  side 
heads  are  in  Passaic  County,  there  is  one  occurring  just  across 
the  county  line  near  the  mouth  of  Yantecaw  or  Third  River,  at 
Nutley,  in  Essex  County.     (26-12-3-6-3.) 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  sites  occur  most  frequently  at  the 
Great  Bend  or  northernmost  point  of  the  river,  where  it  changes 
its  northeasterly  course  into  a  southerly  one,  and  that  south  of 
Paterson  they  decrease  in  number,  With  the  exception  of  a  stretch 
of  land  south  of  Dundee  Dam,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river. 
Again,  no  sites  have  been  found  in  the  undulating  country  ex- 
tending westward  from  Passaic  River  to  Garret  Mountain,  and 
this  may  seem  the  more  surprising  as  it  is  watered  by  several 
brooks,  all  flowing  into  Passaic  River. 

SITES  ON  GARRET  MOUNTAIN. 

City  of  Paterson. — Three  rock  shelters  have  been  located  at 
the  northern  extremity  of  Garret  Mountain,  one  of  these  is  at  the 
foot  of  Garret  Rock,  the  others  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  moun- 
tain, on  Catholina  Lambert's  estate,  South  Paterson.  (26-2-2- 
9-4;  5-3-2;  3-2.) 

Little  Falls  Township. — Scattered  relics  have  been  found  in 
two  places,  and  a  camp  site  occurs  a  half  mile  west  of  Albion 
Place,  all  on  top  of  the  mountain.     (26-2-5-3-1 ;  2-6;  2-6.) 

Acquackanonk  Township. — There  is  a  camp  site  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain  on  the  west  bank  of  Yantecaw  or  Third  River,  near 
Great  Notch,  3  miles  south  of  Paterson.     (26-2-5-7-9.) 


80  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

OTHER    SITES    BETWEEN     POMPTON-RAMAPO    RIVER    AND    SADDLE 

RIVER. 

Haledon. — A  site  has  been  noted  west  of  a  brook,  on  Haledon 
Hill.     (23-42-5-7-2.) 

North  Haledon. — Two  sites  have  been  found  on  Haledon  Hill, 
one  of  these  at  the  head  of  a  small  brook,  the  other,  a  workshop, 
half  a  mile  north  of  it,  on  the  west  bank  of  High  Mountain 
Brook.  A  site  occurs  at  the  intersection  of  High  Mountain  Brook 
and  the  Haledon  turnpike.  Three  other  sites  and  scattered  relics 
have  been  noted  east  of  Squaw  Brook.  (23-42-5-4-8;  4-2,  5  ;  5-4 ; 
2-6;  2-8-7;  7-6;  7-3,  6.) 

Lower  Preakness. — This  locality  was  much  favored  by  the 
Redman  by  reason  of  its  advantageous  position.  It  is  in  a  valley 
sheltered  on  the  northwest  by  Packanack  Mountain  and  on  the 
southeast  by  Totowa  Hill.  Water  is  supplied  by  Singac  Brook 
and  its  tributaries,  and  the  fields  bordering  them  are  level  and 
dry  and  covered  with  light  alluvial  soil.  Half  a  dozen  aboriginal 
sites  have  here  been  identified,  five  of  them  on  the  south  side  of 
Singac  Brook,  the  other  one  north  of  it.  (26-1-3-3-8,  9;  6-7; 
6-9;  6-6;  2-1-4-5;  4-3.) 

Upper  Preakness. — An  isolated  camp  site  occurs  in  the  valley 
west  of  Packanack  Mountain,  half  way  between  Upper  Preakness 
and  Wayne.  (26-1-3-1-3.)  Half  a  dozen  skirt  Singac  Brook 
and  its  affluents  south  of  what  was  once  known  as  Barbour's  Mills 
(Hinchman  and  Hausamann  farms,  &c).  (23-41-6-6-4;  6-3,  6; 
42-4-4-4;  4-4-6;  4-9;  5-2.)  Three  sites  occur  in  Preakness 
Mountains,  one  of  them  on  the  southern  slope  on  High  Moun- 
tain, two  others  east  and  southwest  of  Beech  Mountain,  and 
scattered  relics  lost  during  the  chase  have  been  picked  up  in 
several  places  hereabouts.  (23-42-4-3-3;  1-8-6,  9;  4-1-3;  3-6; 
1-8-4.)  Five  more  sites  have  been  noted  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
swamp  (headwaters  of  Peacock  Brook)  north  of  Point  View. 
(23-41-3-8-1 ;  8-4,  7;  8-3;  8-6;  8-8,  9.) 

South  of  Franklin  Lake. — A  most  interesting  district  lies 
south  of  Franklin  Lake,  for  it  is  here  that  three  rock 
shelters  occur,  each  showing  the  earmarks  of  ancient  oc- 
cupation.     The    principal    one    is    situated    at    the    southern 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  81 

end  of  the  Clove,  a  narrow  ravine  extending  northward 
in  the  direction  of  Franklin  Lake,  i  mile  distant.  That  this 
ravine  was  the  site  of  a  much-trodden  trail  may  be  inferred  from 
the  evidence  extant.  Though  one  of  the  poorest  of  shelters  as 
to  size  and  configuration,  it  proved  one  of  the  best  with  respect 
to  aboriginal  remains.  The  evidence  suggests  a  few  general 
conclusions  relative  to  its  character.  In  the  first  place,  we  may 
take  for  granted  that  it  was  often  tenanted,  not  only  by  single 
hunters,  but  also  by  whole  families.  Second,  such  occupation 
would  be  more  or  less  permanent,  and  all  this  we  may  confidently 
assume  both  because  of  its  favorable  location  and  the  thickness 
of  the  culture  layers  accumulated  under  its  roof.  Furthermore, 
the  relic-bearing  strata  reveal  two  distinct  horizons  of  culture,  as 
indicated  by  the  presence  of  potsherds  in  the  upper  layers  and 
their  complete  absence  in  the  lower  ones.     (23-42-1-7-2.) 

The  next  shelter  lies  also  in  the  Clove,  a  short  distance  north 
of  the  former,  and  it  contained  nothing  but  fragments  of  pottery 
in  great  abundance.     (23-42-1-7-2.) 

The  third  one  occurs  in  a  neighboring  gully,  which  runs  west 
of  and  parallel  to  the  Clove,  on  Thomas  Fleming's  farm  (23-42- 
1-7-1). 

In  addition,  there  is  a  camp  site  at  the  northern  end  of  the 
Clove,  half  a  mile  south  of  Franklin  Lake  (23-42-1-4-8),  and 
another  near  the  southern  entrance  to  it,  between  the  forks  of 
Singac  Brook,  on  Thomas  Fleming's  farm  (23-42-1-7-4). 

Scattered  relics  occur  on  the  fields  west  of  the  Clove  (23-41- 
3-9-2). 

Franklin  Lake. — There  are  three  sites  on  the  western  and  one 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake,  just  across  the  county  boun- 
daries (23-42-1-4-2;  4-2,  5;  4-6;  2,  5-8,  2).  A!  fifth  one  lies 
south  of  a  swamp,  near  a  brook,  some  400  yards  east  of  the  lake 
(23-42-1-5-3).  Moreover,  an  aboriginal  burial  ground  is  said 
to  be  situated  two-thirds  of  a  mile  northeast  of  the  lake,  a  short 
distance  north  of  the  Sicomac  road  (23-42-2-2,  3-6,  4). 

The  Indians,  in  their  flowery  language,  called  this  sheet  of 
water  "Crystal  Eye,"  on  account  of  its  pellueidness,  and  they 
often  came  here  to  fish ;   hence,  the  camp  sites  dotting  its  shores. 

6  GEOI, 


82  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Blauvelt  Lakes. — An  ancient  village  occupied  the  level  tract 
of  land  extending  northwest  of  Franklin  Lake.  There  is  also  a 
camp  site  east  of  Blauvelt  Lakes,  and  about  half  a  mile  north 
of  Franklin  Lake.     (23-41-3-3-6;  42-1-1-2.) 

Sicomac. — In  the  section  of  country,  known  as  Sicomac  and 
lying  between  Franklin  Lake  and  Midland  Park,  two  camp  sites 
and  one  burial  ground  have  been  located.  The  former  are  on  the 
banks  of  Squaw  Brook,  not  far  from  its  headwaters,  iy2  miles 
east  of  the  lake;  the  latter  is  on  the  old  Van  Blarcom  farm,  2 
miles  west  of  Midland  Park  (23-42-1-6-6;  2^4-4;  6-4,  5). 

Midland  Park. — Scattered  relics  have  been  found  east  of  Deep 
Glen  Brook,  1  mile  southwest  of  Midland  Park   (23-42-3-4-9; 

7S)- 

Wyckoff. — There  is  a  camp  site  on  the  bank  of  a  small  brook, 
west  of  the  railway  station  (23-32-8-6-7). 

Ramsey. — A  site  has  been  noted  on  a  knoll  south  of  a  swamp, 
3/4.  miles  south  of  Ramsey,  and  east  of  the  Erie  Railroad  tracks 
(23-32-6-6-5,  6). 

SITES  IN  THE  SADDLE  RIVER  VA1XEY. 

If  the  comparative  scarcity  of  sites  may  be  accepted  as  a  safe 
criterion,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  territory  through 
which  Saddle  River  flows  was  to  the  Indian  of  secondary  im- 
portance to  the  Passaic  Valley.  Saddle  River  being  but  a  tribu- 
tary of  Passaic  River,  the  aborigine  was,  naturally  enough, 
attracted  to  the.  larger  water  course,  a  few  miles  to  the  west- 
ward, with  its  superior  opportunities  for  fishing  and  hunting. 

Thus  far  only  eighteen  sites  have  been  ascertained  within 
the  region  watered  by  Saddle  River,  a  few  of  them  occurring 
along  the  banks  of  its  two  principal  affluents,  namely,  Hohokus 
Creek  to  the  west,  and  Sprout  Brook  to  the  east. 

Town  of  Saddle  River. — Two  camp  sites  and  one  rock  shelter 
have  been  found  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  about  1  mile 
south  of  the  town  of  Saddle  River.  The  rock  shelter  lies  some 
300  yards  east  of  the  river  on  the  western  slope  of  a  ridge,  which 
runs  parallel  to  the  river,  on  Mrs.  Isabel  Miller's  estate.  Investi- 
gation disclosed  a  fireplace,  containing  charcoal  and  fire-stained 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  83 

pebbles  and  in  the  soil  covering"  its  floor  there  were  found  some 
fragments  of  pottery,  chips,  bones  and  a  few  arrow  points  of 
inferior  workmanship.     (23-33-7-6-6;  8-4-7;  8-4-5.) 

Par anviis. — On  the  plains  of  Paramus,  3  miles  downstream, 
there  are  three  sites  near  the  river,  one  of  them  west,  the  other 
two  east  of  it  (23-43-2-7-1;  7-6;  7-9).  Two  sites  have  been 
noted  southeast  of  Paramus,  at  the  headwaters  of  Sprout  Brook 

(23-43-5-2-5;  3-i). 

Ridgewood. — East  of  this  'town  there  occur  two  sites  on  the 
east  bank  of  Hohokus  Creek  (23-43-1-6-4;  6-8). 

Dunker  Hook. — There  are  three  sites  at  a  place  called  Dunker 
Hook,  2  miles  south  of  Paramus,  two  of  therm  west,  the  other 
east  of  Saddle  River  (23-43-4-6-5,  6;  5-7-1,  2;  5-4-4). 

Areola. — A  number  of  sites  have  been  identified  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Areola,  2  miles  east  of  Passaic  River.  Three  of 
these  ancient  camps  were  distributed  along  the  western  bank  of 
Saddle  River,  the  fourth  and  most  southerly  one  lay  east  of  it. 
(26-3-2-1-1,  2;  1-4;  1-8;  5-4.) 

An  exceptionally  good  site,  probably  a  village,  if  one  may 
judge  by  the  profusion  of  artifacts  recovered  here  in  years  gone 
by,  occupied  the  elevated  ground  east  of  Sprout  Brook,  a  short 
distance  north  of  its  confluence  with  Saddle  River,  between 
Areola  and  Rochelle  Park  (26-3-2-8-2,  3). 

SITES  IN  THE  HACKENSACK  VAIXEY. 

Few  data  have  as  yet  been  obtained  concerning  the  location 
of  aboriginal  sites  in  the  region  watered  by  Hackensack  River 
and  its  affluents.  Best  known  thus  far  is  a  section  of  country 
lying  about  3  miles  west  of  Hackensack  River  in  the  townships 
of  Hillsdale  and  Washington.  Six  sites  have  here  been  noted 
on  or  near  the  banks  of  Musquapsink  Creek,  which  .flows  into 
Pascack  Brook,  a  westerly  tributary  of  Hackensack  River. 

Wearimus. — The  northernmost  site  is  at  Wearimus,  1  mile 
west  of  Hillsdale  (23-33-9-7-4). 

Westwood. — Four  others  lie  close  together,  i»j£  miles  west 
of  Westwood  (23-43-3-4-2;  4-4;  4-5;  4-9). 

Emerson. — The  southernmost  and  last  site  occurs  Ij4  miles, 
west  of  Emerson  (23-43-3-8-7). 


84  ARCH^OLOCICAL  SURVEY. 

Spring  Valley. — A  group  of  four  sites  has  been  located  on  the 
banks  of  a  brook  which  flows  through  Spring  Valley,  Midland 
Township,  i  mile  west  of  Hackensack  River.  The  two  west- 
erly ones  are  on  the  Stagg  and  D.  H.  Hopper  farms.  (26-3-3- 
1-6;  1-9;  2-4;  2-8.) 

One  site  each  occurs  near  New  Milford,  New  Bridge  and' 
Bogota,  all  on  the  east  bank  of  Hackensack  River  (23-44-4-7- 
6;  26-4-4-1-2;  4-4). 

Teaneck. — There  are  two  large  sites  on  the  elevated  tract  of 
land  west  of  Overpeck  Creek,  an  easterly  tributary  of  Hackensack 
River  (26-4-4-6,  9-9,  3;  9-6). 

Highwood. — A  site  occurs  on  the  east  bank  of  a  brook,  1 
mile  west  of  Highwood  station,  Northern  R.  R.  of  N.  J.  (26-4-2- 
8-5). 


SITES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  JERSEY.  85 


Additional  Information  Wanted. 


Inasmuch  as  the  foregoing  list  of  sites  is  necessarily  incom- 
plete, the  Survey  is  anxious  to  obtain  any  further  information 
possible  with  especial  reference  to  sites  and  their  location.  We 
would  be  very  glad  to  hear  from  anyone  interested  in  the  sub- 
ject, and  suggest  that  information  be  sent  to  the  following  ad- 
dress : 

State  Geologist, 

Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

The  particular  data  which  we  desire  to  secure  are  the  follow- 
ing: 

1.  The  exact  location  of  any  sites  in  your  neighborhood  which 
have  been  omitted  or  misplaced  on  the  map. 

2.  The  type  of  site,  whether  camp,  village,  cache,  rock  shelter, 
shell  heap  or  cemetery. 

3.  Abundance  and  nature  of  relics  found  there. 

4.  Do  you  know  of  any  old  New  Jersey  Indian  relics  of  a 
more  perishable  nature  than  those  found  in  the  ground  or  on 
the  surface  in  the  possession  of  any  person?  We  refer  to 
wampum,  garments,  wooden  bowls,  wooden  mortars  and  the  like. 

5.  Are  there  any  living  descendants  of  the  old  New  Jersey 
Indians  in  your  locality,  or  are  any  traditions  of  them  still  pre- 
served ? 

6.  The  names  of  persons  having  collections  of  Indian  relics. 
Donations  of  these  to  the  State,  through  the  Geological  Survey, 
are  invited. 


7  Geol. 


86  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


C^VV3«r>^    U,c 


\ 


Abbott,  C.  C. '  The  Stone  Age  in  New  Jersey.     (Smithsonian  Report  for  1875, 
Washington,  1877.) 
Primitive    Industry ;    or    Illustrations    of    the    Handiwork   in    Stone, 
Bone  and  Clay  of  the  Native  Races  of  the  Northern  Atlantic 
Seaboard  of  America,  Salem,  1881. 
Second  Report  on  the  Paleolithic  Implements  from  the  Glacial  Drift 
in  the  Valley  of  the  Delaware  River,  near  Trenton,  New  Jersev. 
Salem,  1878. 
Eleventh  Annual  Report,  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology 
and  Ethnology.     Cambridge,  1878. 
/  Archaeologia  Nova  Caesarea.     Trenton,  1907-1909. 
v-  Ten  Years'  Diggings  in  Lenape  Land.    Trenton. 
Adams,  R.  C.     Legends  of  the  Delaware  Indians  and  Picture  Writing.    Wash- 
ington, 1905. 
/    Anthony,  A.  S.,  and  Brinton,  D.  G.     A  Lenape-English  Dictionary.      Phila- 
delphia, 1888. 
Atkinson,  Joseph.    History  of  Newark,  New  Jersey.    Newark,  1878. 
Brainerd,  David.     Memoirs  of  Rev.  David  Brainerd,  based  on  the  life  of 
Brainerd,  prepared  by  Jonathan  Edwards,  D.D.    New  York.  1891. 
^/Brinton,  D.  G.     The  Lenape  and  their  Legends ;  with  a  complete  text  and 
symbols  of  the  Walam  Olum.     Philadelphia,   1885. 
Coeden,  Cadwaeeader.     The  History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations  of  Canada, 
which  are  the  Barrier  between  the  English  and  French  in  that 
part  of  the  world,  with  particular  accounts  of  their  religion,  man- 
ners, customs,  laws  and  government,  etc.     London,   1747. 
DankErs,  Jasper,  and  Sevyter,  Peter.    Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  New  York, 
etc.,  in  1679-80.     (Memoirs  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society, 
Vol.  1,  1875.) 
Denton,  Daniee.    Brief  Description  of  New  York,  etc.,  1670-1845.     (William 

Gowans  Bibliotheca  Americana.) 
De  VriES,  David  Peterson.    Voyages  from  Holland  to  America.    New  York, 

1853. 
Harrington,   M.   R.     Some   Customs  of  the   Delaware   Indians.      (Museum 
Journal,  University  of   Pennsylvania,  Vol.    1,  Philadelphia,    De- 
cember, 1910.) 
Vestiges     of     Material     Culture     among    the     Canadian     Delawares. 
(American    Anthropologist,    Vol.     10,    pp.    408-418.      Lancaster, 
1908.) 
The  Rock-Shelters  of  Armonk,  New  York.     (Anthropological  Papers, 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  3,  pp.  125-138.    New 
York,  1909.) 
/    Harvey,  Henry.    History  of  the  Shawnee  Indians  from  the  year  1681  to  1859, 

inclusive.     Cincinnati,  1855. 
,    HaynEs,  Henry  W.    The  Argillite  Implements  Found  in  the  Gravels  of  the 
Delaware    River,    at    Trenton,   New    Jersey,    compared   with    the 
Paleolithic  Implements  of  Europe.     1881. 
HeckewEEDER,  Rev.  John.    An  account  of  the  History,  Manners  and  Customs 
of  the  Indian  Nations  who  once  Inhabited  Pennsylvania  and  the 
.♦    neighboring  States.     (Transactions  of  the  Historical  and  Literary 
Committee  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  1.     Phila- 
delphia,   1819.)      Words,    Phrases   and    Short   Dialogues    in  the 
Language  of  the  Lenni  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indians.      (Trans- 
actions   of    the   American    Philosophical    Society.      Philadelphia, 
1819.)      Comparative   Vocabulary   of    Algonkin   Dialects.      Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  1887. 


O  .    .  GOP.  u^      O-    .1-      Tv  \ 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  87 

Holm,  Thomas  Campanius.  A  Short  Description  of  the  Province  of  New 
Sweden,  etc.  (Memoirs,  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  Vol. 
3,  part  1.     Philadelphia,  1834.) 

Holmes,  W.  H.  Are  there  Traces  of  Man  in  the  Trenton  Gravels?  (Journal 
of  Geology,  Chicago.) 

Hrdlicka,  Ales.    Skeletal  Remains  Suggesting  or  Attributed  to  Early  Man  in 
North  America.     (Bulletin  33,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
Washington,  1907.) 
The   Crania  of  Trenton.      (Bulletin,  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  Vol.  16,  article  3,  pp.  34-40.    New  York,  1902.) 

LEE,  Francis  B.  New  Jersey  as  a  Colony  and  as  a  State.  Chapters  I  and 
II.     New  York,  1902. 

Loskiel,  George  Henry.  History  of  the  Mission  of  the  United  Brethren 
among  the  Indians  of  North  America.    London,  1794. 

Mercer,  C.  A  New  Investigation  of  Man's  Antiquity  at  Trenton.  (Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  Vol.  46,  1897,  with  appendix  by  Arthur  Hollick.) 

Montanus,  Arnoldus.    Description  of  New  Netherland.    Amsterdam,  1671. 

Nelson,  William..  The  Indians  of  New  Jersey.     Paterson,  1894. 

Personal  Names  of  the  Indians  of  New  Jersey.     Paterson,  1904. 
The  Salem  Interpreter,  recorded  in  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State, 
Trenton,   and   printed  by   Nelson.      (See   The   Indians   of   New 
Jersey.) 

Plantagenet.    New  Albion,  1648. 

Rau,  Charles.     Artificial  Shell  Deposits  in  New  Jersey.      (Annual  Report, 
Smithsonian  Institution,  1864.) 
*   Ruttenber,  E.  M.     History  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  Hudson's  River;    their 
origin,  manners  and  customs,  tribal  and  sub-tribal  organization, 
wars,  treaties,  etc.    Albany,  1872. 

Schrabisch,  Max.  Indian  Rock-Shelters  in  Northern  New  Jersey  and 
Southern  New  York.  (Anthropological  Papers,  American  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History,  Vol.  3,  pp.  141-165,  New  York,  1909.) 

Skinner,  Alanson.    The  Lenape  Indians  of  Staten  Island.     (Anthropological 
,  papers,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  3,  pp.  3-62, 

New  York,  1909.) 
The    Archaeology   of   Manhattan    Island.      (Anthropological    Papers, 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  3,  pp.  113-121,  New 
York,  1909.) 
Archaeology  of  the  New  York  Coastal  Algonkin.      (Anthropological 
Papers,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  3,  pp.  213- 
235,  New  York,  1909.) 
The  Indians  of  Manhattan  Island  and  Vicinity.     (Guide  Leaflet,  No. 
29,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  1909.) 

Sharp,  William.     (Ed.  Smith's)  History  of  New  Jersey.    Trenton,  1877. 

Thomas,  Gabriel.    Historical  and  Geographical  Account  of  Pennsylvania  and 
/  West  New  Jersey  in  America.    London,  1879  (1698). 

y/  Volk,  Ernest.  Archaeology  of  the  Delaware  Valley.  (Papers  of  the  Pea- 
body  Museum  of  Archaeology  and  Ethnology.  Vol.  5.  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  191 1.) 

WollEy,  Charles.  A  Two  Years'  Journal  in  New  York,  etc.  London,  1701. 
(Reprinted,  New  York,  i860.) 

Whitehead,  William  A.  The  Model  of  the  Government  of  the  Province  of 
East  New  Jersey  in  America.    Edinburg,  1685. 

ZeisbErger,  David.    Diary  of  David  Zeisberger,  a  Moravian  Missionary  among 
the  Indians  of  Ohio.    Translated  and  edited  by  E.  F.  Blin,  Cin- 
cinnati, 1885.    2  vols. 
Indian  Dictionary,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1887. 

Grammar  of  the  Language  of  the  Lenni  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indians. 
Translated  by  P.  S.  Duponceau.  (Transactions  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  3,  Philadelphia,  1830.) 


88  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


CONTRIBUTORS. 


We  wish  to  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  to  the  following 
persons,  all  of  whom  gave  important  information  and  courteous 
assistance : 

T.  Burrows,  517  Grant  St.,  Camden,  N.  J. 

Joseph  R.  Simonds,  Aylesford  Farm,  Indian  Hill,  Toms  River,  N.  J. 

Dr.  Edward  Sharp,  Salem,  N.  J. 

Frank  D.  Andrews,  Vineland,  N.  J. 

Wm.  S.  Hurff,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Sewell,  N.  J. 

Hon.  John  S.  Applegate,  Red  Bank,  N.  J. 

Geo.  Wm.  Bassett,  Hammonton,  N.  J. 

Frank  D.  Andrews,  Vineland,  N.  J. 

Fred  Summerill,  Pennsgrove,  N.  J. 

C.  L.  Duvale,  Leonards,  N.  J. 

John  Hall,  131 1  Pacific  Ave.,  Atlantic  City. 

Silas  R.  Morse,  26  South  Carolina  Ave.,  Atlantic  City. 

A.  Robert  Gordon,  P.  O.  Box  129,  South  Amboy,  N.  J. 

George  McAltioner,  Woodstown,  N.  J. 

Rev.  H.  H.  Thomas,  Vineland,  N.  J. 

Dr.  Geo.  C.  Laws,  Paulsboro,  N.  J. 

John  H.  Whitall,  Woodbury,  N.  J. 

Prof.  John  Enright,  Freehold,  N.  J. 

Charles  Green,  Pleasant  Mills,  Indiana  (  ?) 

Charles  Shepherd,  Bridgeton,  N.  J. 

Edward  S.  Atwood,  Water  Witch  Club,  Highlands,  N.  J. 

Wm.  J.  Leonard,  Sea  Bright,  N.  J. 

Dr.  North,  29  South  Tennessee  Ave.,  Atlantic  City. 

Geo.  W.  Price,  Salem,  N.  J. 

Ben  A.  Carpenter.  R.  D.,  Salem,  N.  J. 

Mrs.  Clarkson  Pettit,  Salem,  N.  J. 

Geo.  M.  Andrews,  Woodstown,  N.  J. 

Harry  Chambers,  Moorestown,  N.  J. 

Prof.  Albert  Robinson,  Borough  School,  Allentown,  N.  J. 

H.  P.  Lewis,  214  Washington  St.,  Philipsbury,  Pa. 

Leslie  Spier,  209  Dyckman  St.,  New  York  City. 

Edmund  Shimp,  59  Myrtle  St.,  Bridgeton,  N.  J. 

P.  K.  Reeves,  Bridgeton,  N.  J. 

Frank  Learning,  Cape  May  Court  House,  N.  J. 

C.  C.  Abbott,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Max  Schrabisch,  231  Broadway,  Paterson,  N.  J. 

Isaac  Wort,  Jr.,  Rossville,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Clarence  Woodmansie,  Barnegat,  N.  J. 

M.  K.  Cooper,  Laurel-in-Pines  Hotel,  Lakewood,  N.  J. 

I.  O.  A.cton,  Salem,  N.  J. 

Mrs.  Trueman  Clayton,  Alloway,  N.  J. 

Chas.  F.  Pancoast,  Woodstown,  N.  J. 

Thos.  V.  Arrowsmith,  Long  Branch,  N.  J. 

H.  S.  Long,  557  Rutherford  Ave.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

F.  W.  Emley,  Imlaystown,  N.  J. 

Geo.  Hampton,  Bridgeton,  N.  J. 

R.  W,  Emerson,  280  Cohansey  St.,  Bridgeton,  N.  J. 

Wm.  Wright,  Mount  Holly,  N,  J. 


CONTRIBUTORS.  89 

Ernest  Volk,  Clinton  St.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 
Dr.  Chas.  Reed,  121  S.  17th  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Wm.  T.  Davis,  146  Stuyvesant  Place,  Tompkinsville,  N.  Y. 
Jillson  Bros.,  Tuckerton,  N.  J. 

Clarence  E.  Seage,  143  Liberty  St.,  New  York  City. 
Hugh  L.  Reeves,  Bridgeton,  N.  J. 
Senator  A.  C.  B.  Havens,  Toms  River,  N.  J. 
Mr.  Havens,  Burrsville,  N.  J. 

Wm.  J.  Losell,  Ed.  of  "Moorestown  Chronicle,"  Moorestown,  N.  J. 
David  B.  Bassett,  Bassett,  Gloucester  Co. 
Jonathan  Kelsey,  Pemberton,  N.  J. 
N.  M.  P.  Durling,  Raritan    N.  J. 
Geo.  Fountain,  936  West>*t  St.,  Plainfield,  N.  J. 
E.  Vansyckel,  Bound  Brook,  N.  J. 

Dr.  PardOe,  D.  D.  L.,  Bound  Brook,  N.  J.  -  rt^^Sf, 
The  Novelty  Shop,  Orange,  N.  J. 
W.  H.  Fisher,  Toms  River,  N.  J. 
Mr.  Sapp,  Tuckerton,  N.  J. 
C.  D.-JKflac6!£  Swedesboro,  N.  J. 
Chas.  E.  Cook,  Asbury  Park,  N.  J. 
Wm.  A.  Slaughter,  Mount  Holly,  N.  J. 
J.  Hervey  Buchanan,  M.D.,  43  Duer  St.,  Plainfield,  N.  J. 
Dr.  G.  Wyckoff  Cummins,  Belvidere,  N.  J. 
Bert  Britton,  104  Penna.  Ave.,  Sunbury,  Pa. 
%  Marshall  D.  Weidman,  Columbia,  N.  J. 


INDEX. 


<In  this  Index  locality  names  refer  to  the  occurrence  of  evidence  of  Indian  occupation, 
except  as  otherwise  stated.) 


A. 

PAGE. 

Abbott,  C.  C,  cited,   *8,  30 

pottery     head,     found 

by,     27 

Acknowledgments,     5»  88 

Acquackanonk   Township,   79 

Alloway    Creek,     58 

Anvils,     22 

Areola,     3 

Argillite  implement  users,    20 

implement  zone,  occurrence 

of,    

Arrow   heads 

points   (bone),    

shaft  smoothers,    

Arrochar,   N.   Y.,    

Ashley    Heights 

Assanpink    Creek,     65 

Assiscunk    Creek,    

Avalon,    

Awls,    

Axes,    


B. 


.banner   stones,    

Barnegat,     

Bayonne,     

Beaverdam    Creek,    

Bellair 

Belmar,    

Belmont,      

Bergen    County,    

Belvidere 

Bibliography,      

Bile's  Island,   

Billingsport,      

Blauvelt    Lake,    

Bog  and  Vly  Meadows, 

Bonaparte    Park      

Bone  implements,    

Bordentown,     

Bridgeport,      

Bridgeton,     

Brown  Station,    

Bulls   Island,    

Burksville,     

Burlington 

Burrsville,     


62 
54 
28 
24 


25 
49 
42 
48 
78 
48 
78 
73 
67 
86 
65 
60 
82 
7i 
63 
28 
62 
59 
55 
61 
66 
63 
62 
48 


PAGE. 

Caches,    Indian,    *4 

Camp  sites,  characteristic  features  of,  10. 

distribution  of,    4* 

numbers  of,    34- 

qualifications  for,    35 

Cape  May   Court  House,    5£ 

Carlton  Hill 78 

Carteret,    42- 

Causeways  of   Indian  make 15 

Celts,      24 

Cemeteries,  characteristics  of  Indian,  12 

Centerton,     61 

Chelsea,     44 

Chestnut  Neck,  burial  grounds  at,  . .  51 

Churchtown,     58 

Cliffwood 45 

Clifton,    79 

Clinton    (Essex    Co.) ,    75 

Cohansey    Creek,    54.  57 


Contributors,  list  of,   .  . 

Constable    Hook,     

Cream    Ridge,    

Crosswicks    Creek, 
Cumberland  Causeway, 
Cushing,   F.    H.,   cited, 


Davis    Mills,     

Delaware  Indians,  see  Lenape 

Delaware  Valley,  village  sites  along, 

Delaware    Water    Gap,    

Dennisville,     

Dundee    Dam,    

Dundee  Lake 

Dunker    Hook,    


Elizabethport,     .  . 

Emerson,     

Emerson,   R.   W., 


88 
42 
25 
63 
58 
11 


57 

35 
67 
52 
78 
78 
83 


42 
83 

1  a 


Fairfield,    75 

Fairlawn,     78 

Fairton,     28,  56 

Fellowship 61 


(91) 


92 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Ferndale,     77 

Fire  places   of   Indians,    10 

Flat    Creek 53 

Fords,    Indian,    37 

Forked   River,   shell   heap   at 50 

Franklin,     75 

Franklin    Lake, 80,  81 

Franklin   Township,   73,  74 

Garfield,     78 

Garrett   Mountain,    79 

Gibbstown,     59 

Glassboro,      60 

Gorgets,     24 

Great   Egg  Harbor,    53 

Green    Pond,    68 

Greenville,    42 

Greenwich,    57 

Gregor,  E.  T.,  cited  on  rock  shelters,  14,  18 

Grinding  stones,    23 

Grovesville,     63 

H. 

Hackensack   River  Valley,    38 

Haledon,      80 

Hammerstones,     22 

Hancock's   Bridge,    58 

Harrington,    M.     R.,    cited    on    rock 

shelters,     14,  18 

Harrisonville,     59 

Hawthorne,     77 

Hellings    Hills,    61 

Highwood,     84 

Hohokus    Township 73,  74 

Holly  Beach,    52 

Hope   Township,    68 

Horse   Neck    Bridge,    74 

Husking  pegs,    25 

Imlaystown,    25 

Implements,     bone,    stone,     etc.,    see 

Bone  implements,  etc. 

Implements,   Indian,   classes  of,    ....  21 

Indian   burials,    :i,  13 

mounds,     13,  14 

remains,  classes  of,    9 

trails,      37,  48 

Indian  Mills, 62 

Indians,  distribution  of,  in  New  Jer- 
sey   16 

Indians,  divisions  of,  in  New  Jersey,  16 

predecessors  of,    17 

Information   wanted,    85 


PAGE. 

Iresick  Brook,   Indian  relics  near,  .  .  47 

Iroquois,   culture   of 30 

Island    Heights 49 

J. 

Jacksonville,     ;o 

Jamesburg,    47 

Jefferson    Township,     72 

Jenny    Jump    Mt 68 

Jericho,      58 

K. 

Keyport,    46 

Knives,    -5 

L. 

Lake   View,    78 

Lake  Meadow  Island,    44 

Lambertville,    66 

Lances,    23 

Lap   stones, 22 

Leeds     Point,     52 

Leesburg,    54 

Lenape,  culture  of,    20,  30 

migrations   of,    17 

origin   of,    19 

population   of,    34 

predecessors    of,    17 

Letter   of  Transmittal,    7 

Lincoln   Park,    71 

Linoleumville,     44 

Little  Falls,    76 

Little  Falls  Township 79 

Lockwood,     18 

Long  Branch  Run,   58 

Long  Neck,   Indian  camp  at,    44 

Lower   Penns    Neck,    59 

Lower    Preakness,     80 

Lumberton,     61 

M. 

Mayetta 50 

Manasquan,    48 

Manunka  Chunk,    67 

Mannington    Creek 59 

Manumuskin,     54 

Mantoloking,    48 

Mantua    Creek,    60 

Mantua  Point,   60 

Mariner's  Harbor,   N.   Y.,    43 

Marquis  Creek,  N.  Y 45 

Maskell's   Mill,    58 

Matawan,     47 

Matchaponix,      47 

Metallic  articles,    29 


INDEX. 


93 


PAGE. 

Mickles  Mills,    57 

Midland    Park,    82 

Midvale,    68 

Mullers,     23 

Mullica  Hill,    59 

Mummy's   Island,    53 

Munsee    Indians 16 

Montville    Township,     72 

Moon's   Island,    65 

Moorestown,     61 

Morgan,     45 

Morris    County,     y2 

Mortars,    23 

Mosquito   Creek,    ' 49 

Mounds,   Indian,    13 

Mountain   View,    71 

Mount   Holly,    61 

Mount  Laurel,   61 

Mount  Loretto,  N.   Y.,    44 

Mount   Pleasant    (near  Absecon),    ..  52 

Mount    Royal,    60 

N. 

Needles,     28 

Net    Sinkers,    22 

New   Bridge,    84 

New  Egypt 62 

New    Milford,    84 

North    Haledon,    80 

North    Paterson,    yy 

Nutley,     79 

o. 

Ocean    Grove,    49 

Oceanic, 47 

Old   Bridge 46,  47 

Old  Place  Neck 44 

Ostrom,     49 

Othello,      57 

Oxford  Township,    67 

P. 

Paleoliths,     19 

Paramus,     83 

Passaic,      79 

Passaic    County,    72 

Passaic   Junction 78 

Passaic  Valley,    37 

Paterson,      20,  76,  79 

Paulsboro,     60 

Pedricktown,    59 

Pelton's  Cove,  N.  Y 43 

Pensauken    Station,    60 

Pequannock,      70 

Perth   Amboy 42 


PAGE. 

Pestles,    23,  24 

Pine  Beach,    49 

Pine  Brook,    74 

Pine  Brook  Bridge,    75 

Pipes,    clay,    zy 

stone,    25 

Plauderville,     78 

Pleasantville,    52 

Point  Pleasant,    48 

Pompton,     70 

Pompton    Junction,     68 

Pompton  Plains,    68 

Pompton    Valley,     36 

Port   Elizabeth,    53 

Port    Norris, 54 

Port    Republic,    52 

Pottery,  description  of  Indian, 25,  27 

head,    27,  32 

Princeton,     66 

Prospertown,    62 

Pumpkin    Point,    48 

Q. 

Quarries,    Indian,    15 

Quinton,     58 

R. 

Ramapo    Mountain,    73 

Ramsey,     82 

Rancocas  Creek,    62 

Raven    Rock, 66 

Red   Bank    (Camden  Co.) 60 

Ridgewood,     83 

Riverdale,      68 

Riverton,     61 

Rockaway    Township,     72 

,Rock  shelters,  characteristics  of,   ...    1 3,39^ ,*,.*> 

location  of,    39  \      }     •> 

!    Rossville,    shell    heap   at,    44   '^S'W, 

V  Runyon    Pond,    47 

~  —  ;E2p*.v  -■.::&■" 

Saddle    River,    82 

Saddle    River   Valley 38 

Salem,    58 

Sayreville,     46 

Schrabisch,    Max,   cited 18 

list  of  sites  by,  .  .  6y 

report    by,    34 

Scrapers,      25 

bone,     28 

Scudders    Falls,     a$ 

Seventh   Day  Mills 57 

Shell    articles 29 


94 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Shell  heaps,   » 

localities  of,   

45,  46,  49,   50,   SI,   52,  53,  54 

Shimp,    Edmund,    18 

Sheppard    Mills,    57 

Sicomac,    82 

Singac 75 

Silver  Lake,  N.  Y 45 

Skinner,  Alanson,  report  by, 9>  41 

Smith's  Landing,    52 

South  Amboy 45 

South  River,    46 

Spades,    23 

Spears,     25 

Spring  Valley,   84 

Staten  Island,  Indian  relics  on,    43,  45 

Stone,  articles  of,   22 

Stone  heads,    32 

Stone  implements,  chipped,    25 

polished, 24 

rough 22 

Stonetown 68 

Stow  Creek,    58 

Stow   Neck 58 

Stow  Point,    58 

bwedesboro,    59 

T. 

Teaneck,    84 

Thompson    Point,    59 

Tindells  Landing,    56 

Titusville,    65 

Toms    Point,    38,  74 

Toms    River,    48, 49 

Tottenville,  N.  Y 44 

Towaco,   38,  71 

Trails,  Indian,    15 

Trenton,    9,  63 

Trenton,  Indian  implements  of  metal 

found   near,    30 

Trenton,   Indian  trails  near,    15 

Tuckerton 11,51 

Tuckahoe,      52 


PAGE- 
U. 

Unalachtigo  Indians,    16 

villages  of ,    . . .  41 

Unami    Indians 4»  J6 

Upper  Midvale,   68 

Upper  Preakness,    80 

V. 

Valley  Lake,   N.   Y.,    45 

Van   Winkle 77 

Village    sites,    characteristic    features 

of,   10 

Village  sites,   distribution  of,    41 

Volk,    Ernest,    cited,    18 

w. 

Wagaraw   trail,    37 

Walam   Olum,    17 

Walnford,    62 

Wampum,    12,  29 

Waretown,     5° 

Warren    Point,     78 

Washington   Crossing,    65 

Watchogue,  N.  Y.,   44 

Wayne,    71 

Wayne    Township,    74 

Wearimus,     83 

Weirs,  Indian,   37 

Welchtown,     59 

Wells  Island,    51 

West   Cape   May 52 

West  Creek,  Indian  relics  near,    ....  50 

West  Milford   Township,    72 

West   Brighton,    43 

Westwood,     83 

White  Horse,   63 

Wissler,  Clark,  letter  from,   8 

Woodbury  Creek,    60 

Wood  Lane,    62 

Woodrow,  N.  Y.,    44 

Wyckoff ,    8* 


r 


